Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Internet of Things (IoT). Группа авторов
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in Figure 1.2. However, in terms of efficiency, they are much more efficient than multi-rotor drones. They usually have higher flying times & with gasoline or gas-powered engine, it can be increased significantly as shown in Figure 1.3. As a general rule of thumb, lower the count of rotors, lesser would be the spin of an object i.e. why quads are much stable than octocopters. In the same sense, a single rotor will be much more stable than Multirotor. However, they also have some complexity and operational risk. Their high cost and large-size blades often pose a risk of injuries, if mishandled and even involve accidents. On the other hand, multi-rotor having small blades is unlikely to cause an accident or injury although a scar is likely is mishandled but that can also be avoided with ducts which also have an extra-added advantage. Single-rotor drones also require much training and skill to fly them in the air properly.
Figure 1.2 Single rotor drone [35].
Figure 1.3 Types of multi-rotor drones [34].
1.3.1.4 Fixed-Wing Hybrid VTOL
This type of drone has the best of both features from rotor-based & fixedwing design. In the fix-wing hybrid, it will have a couple of rotors which will be attached at the end of wings or in the middle of wings given the wings must rotate accordingly to perform VTOL (Vertical Take-off & Landing). For e.g., the rotor will be perpendicular during take-off and attains to parallel while cruising.
These types of drones are formed from the type of aircraft that dates back to the 50s and 60s. However, implementing this type of technology to real-life was considerably difficult, and they were largely helved before they came as drones. These types of units are still in the experimental or trial stage and are less commercially available than the fixed-wing, multi-rotor, and single rotor counterparts. They are still in the military while several companies are developing them, and they may well be the wave of the future.
1.3.2 Categories of the Military Drones
UAVs in the military are classified according to their speed, range, weight & on the basis of their special capabilities. In general, drones tend to come in different shapes and sizes depending on the type of functions they serve and because military drones are top-class military tech as shown in Figure 1.4.
Figure 1.4 V-22 osprey military helicopter [36].
Therefore, it is quite interesting to examine them and their various types. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) troops have different classification of drones which is as shown below [10, 16]:
(i) CLASS-I (<150 kg): Mini, small or micro drones There are various types of class-I drone which are used to execute many informational, Communicational, command, control, and computerized solutions. These types of drones are of immense importance as they provide ISTAR (Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition, and Reconnaissance). It also includes micro, mini, or small drones. Also, Flapping wing platform types drones are used here also called “Ornithopter”.
(ii) CLASS-II (150–600 kg): Tactical drones Tactical Unmanned aircraft (UA) or drones are designed explicitly to be used in Special Forces or at the battalion level. These types of UAVs have greater advantages for medium-range surveillance. They fill the space between the range of the function of the short-range micro & strategic UAVs, which is comprised of HALE (High-Altitude Long Endurance) & MALE [11] (medium-altitude Long Endurance). They have a combination of flexibility, ruggedness as well as endurance. They offer an intermediate function between that of small and strategic drones as shown in Figure 1.5. They are used in awareness and situational-analysis to offer surveillance and protection, target acquisition, and also in the evaluation of damage based on a particular given force. E.g. MQ-9 Reaper (Predator B)—Tactical Drone.
Figure 1.5 RQ-11B Raven Small UAS (SUAS) [3, 37].
One of the most polished and elegant tactical ISTAR system around the world is Watchkeeper which is developed by Thales and it is the largest UAS program in the whole of Europe and it is one of the largest UAVs in Europe which is authorized to fly even in civilian airspace including urban areas.
(iii) CLASS-III (>600 kg): Strategic Drones
This class of drones comprises of MALE and HALE systems. MALE is good for reconnaissance as well as surveillance in a non-threatening area. They have a tremendous range of application, which includes determining the movement of a certain population which are not in conflict or position of the enemy. They have state of the art infrastructure & technology and are also used to accumulate the lists of targets.
Some globally acclaimed MALEs are Reaper/Predator, Anka, and Heron family of drones. Some of the few HALEs available right now are the global hawk family & triton [12].
1.3.3 How Drones Work
What is a drone and how do drones work can be understood through the technologies employed in it. UAV drone technology is constantly evolving as innovation and heavy investment brings more advanced drones to the market every few months. Mostly UAV drones have similar incorporated systems.
Figure 1.6 RQ-4 Global Hawk—Heavy Strategic Military Drone [38].
UAV technologies cover everything from the aerodynamics of the drone, materials used in the manufacture of the physical UAV, to the circuit boards, chipset, and software, which are the brains of the drone. The fast pace of UAV technology is tremendous.
UA is made of light composite material for increased maneuverability and reduced weight. This allows the military drones to cruise at extremely high altitudes. These materials are highly-complex composites, lightweight, strong, durable at the same time and they help in the absorption of vibration and reduces the sound produced. They are also equipped with the state-of-the-art technology such as precise and accurate GPS, laser, infrared cameras, etc as shown in Figure 1.6. Drones are controlled remotely by remote ground control also referred to as a ground cockpit.
1.3.3.1 Firmware—Platform Construction and Design
A firmware platform construction and design for small-scale UAV research is important. As open-source autopilot systems with much reliability (e.g. ArduPilot) were not publicly available until 2009. Most of the researchers’ groups have to start from scratch to build a reliable UAV firmware platform as shown in Figure 1.7. Fixed-wing and rotor types are conventional, therefore the Flight control System (FCS) in this firmware mainly consists of the above platforms [3].
Figure 1.7 Representation of GUI configuration of ArduPilot open-source platform.
1.3.4 Comparison of Various Technologies
1.3.4.1 Drone Types & Sizes