Essentials of Social Emotional Learning (SEL). Donna Lord Black
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“for all levels of student infractions, regardless of severity, is often ineffective; and these practices may even increase the likelihood of future criminality and lower overall student academic performance in schools” (p. 5). In addition, a report issued by Texas Appleseed suggests there may have been no clear basis for the zero‐tolerance policies. As stated in the report, “The lack of reliable, accurate data measuring school crime makes it clear that the public policy changes that led to ‘zero tolerance’ and law enforcement in schools were not rooted in clear knowledge surrounding need, but instead were driven by fears stoked by media coverage of juvenile crime and ‘out of control’ youth” (Texas Appleseed, 2010, p. 195).
While some schools continue to employ these exclusionary discipline practices, many are turning to alternative solutions to re‐engage students, such as improving school climate and culture and implementing SEL strategies. In the wake of numerous and horrific school shootings, schools have begun to recognize the need for such approaches to address the rising worries over school safety from parents, educators, community members, policy makers, and particularly students. According to the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance (YRBS) conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 8.7% of students in grades 9 through 12 did not feel safe at school during the 2019 school year. In addition, 2.8% of these students carried a weapon on school property during the 30 days prior to the survey, and 7.4% were threatened or injured with a weapon on school property during the 12 months preceding the survey. Furthermore, analysis of data trends showed increases in the percentage of students threatened or injured with a weapon on school property and in the percentage of students who did not go to school because they did not feel safe. All other behaviors contributing to violence did not change from what was previously reported during the 2017 school year (CDC, 2020).
Rapid Reference 2.3 The School‐to‐Prison Pipeline
What It Is
The school‐to‐prison pipeline is an outcome of schools’ overreliance on the juvenile and criminal courts systems to handle minor, discretionary discipline infractions. The adoption of exclusionary discipline practices, such as zero‐tolerance policies, have disproportionately impacted minority students and students with disabilities, resulting in them being funneled into the juvenile and criminal justice systems.
When It Began
The school‐to‐prison pipeline emerged as a result of zero‐tolerance discipline policies being adopted by schools, along with an increased reliance on school police officers for handling minor discipline infractions, such as dress code violations, being late to school or class, or use of inappropriate language, among others. These practices resulted in students being removed from the school environment through suspensions or expulsions, or being issued tickets, thus increasing the probability that they would come into contact with the incarceration system (U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 2019). These zero‐tolerance policies and practices began in the 1990s and were reflective of a sociopolitical climate that was largely punitive and increasingly intolerant. It has been hypothesized that increased media focus on school crime during those times was largely responsible for fueling the public’s concerns for school safety (Texas Appleseed, 2010).
The Impact
Suspensions and expulsions disproportionately impact students of color and students with disabilities. Higher rates of suspensions and expulsions lead to an increased risk of dropping out of school, further exacerbating the achievement gap for these students. Furthermore, school failure has been linked to later contact with the criminal justice system, especially for minorities. The racial disparities recorded in school suspension data are not unlike the disproportionate disparities observed in juvenile court referrals. Black students represent 31% of school‐related arrests and are suspended or expelled at a rate of three times more than White students (American Civil Liberties Union, 2019). In addition, a recent study of national data on suspensions and expulsions collected during the 2015–2016 school year by the U.S. Department of Education’s Office of Civil Rights found huge disparities in days of lost instruction for Black students when compared to Whites. The study found that Black students lost 66 days of instruction from suspensions and expulsions, compared to just 14 days for White students. This difference of 52 additional days of lost instruction for Blacks was nearly five times the rate of lost instruction for Whites (Civil Rights Project at UCLA, 2018). The risks associated with this degree of lost instruction (e.g., dropping out of school) can have far‐reaching impact, including serious economic costs to society.
Clearly, safe school environments are an area of critical need. Ask any school leader what she believes to be an administrator’s biggest responsibility, and she is likely to list student and staff safety, both physical and emotional, as a top priority. Given these concerns, school leaders are recognizing that school culture and climate are fundamental to establishing a safe and supportive learning environment. Advocates for school reform have long touted the importance of a positive school culture and climate in helping students feel safe and accepted. A review of the school climate research shows that school climate reform can effectively mitigate violence and bullying behaviors in schools and can promote the development of pro‐social behaviors. Unfortunately, many responses to school violence focus only on the physical aspects of school safety and fail to recognize and address the role of school climate in mitigating these behaviors. As a result, many school safety policies fall short of addressing the conditions that promote safe and supportive school environments. In general, there are five key components of school climate: safety, relationships, teaching and learning, institutional environment, and the school improvement process (Thapa, 2013). Practices such as SEL, which address these conditions and promote the development of positive school climates, can go a long way in preventing school violence and promoting school safety. As states consider ways in which to improve school safety, they would be wise to develop comprehensive approaches that include these interconnected and key components of school climate. Whether these methods are mandated through policy or through other school reform efforts, the benefits of taking a proactive approach not only can help improve school outcomes, but also can save lives.
For some states, policy development has been necessitated by a devastating act of school violence in the state. Unfortunately, the incidents of school violence, particularly school shootings, have been an increasing concern throughout the United States and have forced several states to take responsive action. In each instance, states have taken very different approaches to addressing the problem, although school mental health has been recognized by each state as a critical area in which intervention was needed. How each state has approached this concern, along with school climate concerns, has been markedly different and has been intertwined with the sociopolitical issue of gun control. While it is recognized that this issue has complicated school safety policy efforts, the purpose of this writing is not to examine the sociopolitical issue. Rather, it is to examine how, or if, state policy initiatives have incorporated efforts to address school mental health and the conditions that create safer, more supportive school environments. In recent years, two school shootings in two different states occurred just months apart, resulting in each state initiating policy development for school safety. Rapid Reference 2.4 illustrates how Florida addressed school safety, and Rapid Reference 2.5 illustrates the approach taken by Texas. These examples illustrate not just how differently each state approached the issue, but also how differently the issues were viewed.
Rapid Reference 2.4 Florida School Safety Policy: Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School Public Safety Act
In response to the February 2018 shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, Senate Bill 7026 was adopted by the Florida legislature and signed into law by the governor of Florida in March 2018.