Flow-Induced Vibration Handbook for Nuclear and Process Equipment. Группа авторов
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results. Particular attention is given to damping in single‐ and two‐phase flow, two‐phase flow‐induced vibration mechanisms such as fluidelastic instability and random turbulence excitation, and the prediction of fretting‐wear damage. Simple examples of calculations are given throughout the handbook.
1.2 Some Typical Component Failures
In heat exchangers, tube failures due to fretting wear may occur at the tube supports or at midspan if the tubes vibrate with sufficient amplitude to contact each other. Figure 1-1 shows an example of tube‐to‐tube fretting wear. It occurred in the U‐bend of an early nuclear steam generator with tubes that were inadequately supported near the outlet in a region of high‐velocity two‐phase cross flow. Extensive fretting‐wear damage was also observed between tube and tube support, as shown in Fig. 1-2. Here, the damage was sufficient to cause a hole in the tube resulting in leakage between tube‐side and shell‐side. Obviously, this kind of problem must be avoided. An additional support near the outlet region was an easy solution to this problem.
Figure 1-3 shows extensive tube‐to‐tube fretting‐wear damage in the inlet region of a triple segmental liquid‐liquid process heat exchanger. The problem was due to the combination of long tube spans (1.45 m) and high flow velocities impinging directly on the tubes in the inlet region. Lacing strips were installed to support the tubes near the inlet. Unfortunately, they were excessively loose. Fretting wear occurred between the tube and the lacing strips. Tubes wore through, as shown in Fig. 1-4. Eventually, proper baffle‐supports were installed, as shown in Fig. 1-5. No further problems occurred.
Fig. 1-1 Tube‐to‐Tube Fretting Wear in the U‐Bend Region of an Early Nuclear Steam Generator (Pettigrew, 1976).
Fig. 1-2 Tube‐to‐Support Fretting Wear: Note Hole Through Tube Wall (Pettigrew, 1976).
Fig. 1-3 Fretting Wear in the Inlet Region of a Liquid Process Heat Exchanger: a) Tube‐to‐Tube Initial Damage, b) Lacing Strip, and c) Damage at Lacing Strip Location (Pettigrew, 1976).
In power condensers, very‐high‐velocity steam may impinge on the tubes, causing excessive vibration. Figure 1-6 shows a fatigue failure of a titanium condenser tube. The vibration amplitude was sufficient for the tubes to contact each other at midspan. In this case, the condenser was operated with only four of the six tube bundles, resulting in 150% of design flow velocity. Operation at 100% design flow did not cause any vibration damage.
Fig. 1-4 Fretting Wear Through Tube Wall at a Lacing Strip Location in a Process Heat Exchanger (Pettigrew et al, 1977).
Fig. 1-5 Fretting Wear of Process Heat Exchanger: Repair (Pettigrew and Campagna, 1979 / with permission of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited).
Figure 1-7 shows tube‐to‐tube fretting‐wear damage in another power condenser. In this case, the damage was sufficient to wear through the tube wall, causing leakage of sea water into the secondary side of a power plant.
An example of fretting‐wear damage of a tube located just beyond the baffle cut (window tube) vibrating against a baffle edge is shown in Fig. 1-8. This tube came from a gas‐to‐gas heat exchanger, which was inadvertently operated at several times above design flow during a commissioning operation.
Fig. 1-6 Fatigue Failure of a Titanium Tube in a Nuclear Power Plant Condenser (Pettigrew et al, 1991).
Fig. 1-7 Tube‐to‐Tube Fretting Wear in a Power Plant Condenser.
Fig. 1-8 Fretting Wear of a Gas Heat Exchanger Tube at a Baffle Edge Location.
Fig. 1-9 Fretting‐Wear Damage on Nuclear Fuel (Hot Cell Examination) (Pettigrew, 1976).
Figure 1-9 is an example of fretting wear of nuclear fuel as seen through an optical magnifier during “hot cell” examination. The damage occurred at the top of fuel string assemblies in 40% of the high flow fuel channels of a prototype CANDU‐BLW®1 nuclear station. The fuel strings were inserted in upward‐flow vertical fuel channels where they were attached at the bottom and free at the top. The flow in each channel became two‐phase as boiling occurred along the fuel and reached approximately 16% steam quality near the top. The mass flux was typically 4400 kg/m2 s. The fretting problem was attributed to transverse flow‐induced vibration of the fuel strings. Inadvertently, some of the fuel strings were assembled eccentrically. This caused the strings to be bent and promoted fretting wear. The corrective measures taken were to ensure concentric assembly of the fuel and increase fuel string flexural rigidity to reduce vibration.
One of the most costly vibration related problems took place in the early 1990s at the Darlington Nuclear Power Station, where nuclear fuel bundles were