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Digital transformation of manufacturing through cyber physical systems and IoT services Efficient mining activitiesWide area monitoring of pipelinesBetter precision and coordination for cooperative maneuvers ReliabilityLatencySpectrum efficiency Teleportation 2.3.2 Holographic delivery of life‐sized three‐dimensional stereoscopic experiences in real‐time without HMD technologies Stimulate teleworkDecrease travel time and expensesImprove labor productivity Per‐user data ratePeak data rateLatency Digital twin 2.3.3 Digital replica of an object inheriting the same behavior and characteristics of the real object Improve the design, engineering, inspection, and maintenance of complex machines and devicesAllow advanced simulations of the product behavior Per‐user data ratePeak data rateLatency Smart transportation 2.3.4 Evolution of automotive industry to support infotainment, automated driving, and cooperative and intelligent transportation Preemptive logisticsFleet management and telematicsReduction of goods transportation costs and environmental impact Spectrum efficiencyPer‐user data rateContinuous coverageVehicle speedNumber of devicesEnergy efficiency Public safety 2.3.5 Collection of services that support fast delivery of information between emergency operators in incident areas and the (remote) command station Real‐time 3D rendering of the incident area to/from the command stationRemote control operations ReliabilityLatencySpectrum efficiencyVehicle speedContinuous coverage Health and well‐being 2.3.6 Evolution of healthcare to support telemedicine, healthcare workflow optimizations, and efficient and affordable patient access to health assistance Individualized assistance via virtual patient consultation and monitoring involving all senses and health indicatorsEfficient use of healthcare resources through preventive care, digitalization, and access to massive dataReduction of management and administration costs through “care outside hospital” paradigm ReliabilityLatencySpectrum efficiency Smart‐X IoT 2.3.7 IoT and smart city paradigms targeting life quality improvements, environmental monitoring, traffic control, and city management automation Efficient agriculture and farmingFleet managementSmart warehouse managementSupport of zero‐energy sensors for home appliances, industrial machines, and robots Spectrum efficiencyPer‐user data rateNumber of devicesEnergy efficiency Financial world 2.3.8 Evolution of financial sector through high‐frequency trading and blockchain technology More accessible tradingElevated security and reduced fees for banking transactionsRobust/secure fraud preventionTransition toward digital banking LatencyReliability

      2.3.1 Industry and Manufacturing

      Each production facility and industrial area is a different use case with particular requirements. Industrial deployments, particularly in manufacturing, tend to have equipment and machinery with life cycles that extend over a decade. Therefore, the introduction and use of cellular networks for applications with stringent requirements is a long and gradual process that has started in dedicated deployments for a well‐defined set of application. Thus, the integration with existing equipment, wired solutions, and radio access technologies (RATs) will still be required for many years into the future to ensure backward compatibility and improve overall performance.

      As front‐runners expand the applications relying on cellular networks, more complex deployments and applications will emerge. For example: dynamic deployments with URLLC requirements for exploration, mining activities, and wide area monitoring of pipelines, electric grids, and other critical infrastructures and the need for robots to perform cooperative maneuvers that require high precision and coordination. Moreover, for the factory cases with extreme performance requirements, it will be crucial to support URLLC in factory floors with moving objects and reshuffling manufacturing units. Digital twins (discussed in detail in Section 2.3.3) will also play an important role for industrial applications, where a digital twin replicates a real‐world object in a digitized environment, which would enable the evaluation of performance and outcomes of industrial applications in safe, digital environments before a solution is deployed in the real world.

In 6G we will see improved solutions to support multiple connectivity in the same deployment and application to improve reliability and performance through link diversity and aggregation. While some solutions are already available in 5G such as dual connectivity and carrier aggregation, 6G will cover the need to support and aggregate multiple RATs maintaining the latency and reliability requirements of industrial applications, which will also provide additional access to local spectrum. In addition, the integration of time‐sensitive networking (TSN) and deterministic networking (DetNet) standards that started in 5G will be fully utilized to support deterministic data transmission over cellular networks. Finally, network exposure and integration with cloud capabilities are key factors to enable the expansion of 6G for industrial applications, since they will enhance the network capability management and provide support for real‐time applications while keeping sensitive operational data on cloud deployments that are kept secured.

      2.3.2 Teleportation

      Teleportation represents the future of communication, enabling holographic delivery of life‐sized three‐dimensional (3D) stereoscopic experiences in real‐time without head‐mounted device (HMD) technologies like augmented reality/virtual reality (AR/VR).

As the business world becomes increasingly automated and ubiquitous, teleportation will stimulate remote telework by allowing flexible virtual interaction during business events and meetings involving geographically distributed colleagues and industries, thus eliminating time and distance barriers. This technology may also decrease carbon footprint (the combustion of fuel for transport accounts for about 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions²) and save travel time and expenses, revitalizing small and medium‐sized enterprises with limited corporate travel capabilities. Furthermore, replacing in‐person business meetings with holographic events may improve labor productivity

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