Multiracism. Alastair Bonnett
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John Solomos, ed. Routledge International Handbook of Contemporary Racisms.
23 23 Benjamin Bowser, ed. Racism and Anti-racism.
24 24 Grant Cornwell and Eve Stoddard, eds. Global Multiculturalism; John Stone and Rutledge Dennis, eds. Race and Ethnicity; John Winterdyk and Georgios Antonopoulos, eds. Racist Victimization. For more inclusive examples see Kevin Reilly et al., eds. Racism. See also Ian Law, Racism and Ethnicity.
25 25 Ian Law, Mediterranean Racisms, p. 3.
26 26 Manfred Berg and Simon Wendt, eds. Racism in the Modern World, p. 2. Wilma Dunaway and Donald Clelland, ‘Moving Toward Theory for the 21st Century’, p. 399.
27 27 Frank Dikötter, ‘The Racialization of the Globe’, p. 1482.
28 28 Asia Research Institute, ‘New Racism and Migration’.
29 29 Paul Spickard, ‘Race and Nation’, p. 4.
30 30 Frank Dikötter, ed. The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan, p. 11.
31 31 There are very many examples. Here are just four. Once his work on discrimination in Eritrea became politically impossible, Mohammed was forced into exile. See Abdulkader Saleh Mohammed, The Saho of Eritrea. In 2017, Rahile Dawut, an expert in Uighur customs and identity at Xinjiang University, disappeared and is ‘suspected of being held by state authorities at an undisclosed location’. See Scholars at Risk Network, ‘Rahile Dawut’. Note, also, the telling authorship of Anonymous, ‘You Shall Sing and Dance’, a paper about Uighur heritage published in Asian Ethnicity. The author information records that ‘The author has been kept anonymous out of concern for his/her personal safety.’ In 2019 Füsun Üstel, a Turkish expert in nationalism and minority rights, was given a fifteen-month jail term for signing a petition calling on the Turkish government to halt military operations in predominantly Kurdish areas. See TurkeyPurge, ‘Turkish Academic Enters Prison’.
32 32 Dikötter, ‘The Racialization of the Globe’, p. 1492. Frank Dikötter, The Discourse of Race.
33 33 Palgrave Macmillan, Mapping Global Racisms, at https://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14813. See Venkat Pulla et al., eds. Discrimination, Challenge and Response: People of North East India; Yinghong Cheng, Discourses of Race and Rising China; Nikolay Zakharov, Race and Racism in Russia; Ian Law, Red Racisms; Law, Mediterranean Racisms.
34 34 Rotem Kowner and Walter Demel, eds. Race and Racism in Modern East Asia; Rotem Kowner and Walter Demel, eds. Race and Racism in Modern East Asia, Vol. II.
35 35 Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe.
36 36 Oskar Verkaaik, Migrants and Militants; Murat Ergin, ‘Is the Turk a White Man?’; Thomas Blom Hansen, Wages of Violence.
37 37 ‘The West’ is another slippery category which I have explored in a previous book, Alastair Bonnett, The Idea of the West.
38 38 Simon Philpott, ‘This Stillness, this Lack of Incident’.
39 39 United Nations, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, ‘Indonesia: UN Experts Condemn Racism and Police Violence Against Papuans’.
40 40 Cited by Raya Jalabi, ‘Who are the Yazidis …?’.
41 41 The Economist, ‘Apartheid with Chinese Characteristics’.
42 42 Nick Cumming-Bruce, ‘U.N. Panel Confronts China’.
43 43 Emma Graham-Harrison, ‘China Has Built 380 Internment Camps’.
44 44 This is a problem even in the most internationally oriented journal in the field, Ethnic and Racial Studies. Of the thirty-two issues published in 2019 and 2020 only one had papers or book reviews that mentioned any of these momentous events (I.S. is mentioned in papers in the 2019 Special Issue on ‘Diaspora Mobilizations for Transitional Justice’).
45 45 Stuart Hall, Representation, p. 245.
46 46 Ian Law, ‘Racialisation, Polyracism and Global Racism’.
47 47 Berg and Wendt, Racism, p. 2.
48 48 Benjamin Braude, ‘How Racism Arose in Europe’, pp. 60, 43.
49 49 Christian Geulen, ‘Culture’s Shadow’, p. 82.
50 50 Boris Barth, ‘Racism and Genocide’.
51 51 Michael Banton, ‘The Concept of Racism’, p. 18.
52 52 Jean Finot, Race Prejudice, pp. ix, 317.
53 53 Bonnett, The Idea of the West.
54 54 Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West, p. 129.
55 55 Julian Huxley et al., We Europeans, p. 220. See also Jacques Barzan, Race.
56 56 UNESCO, The Race Concept.
57 57 The Oxford English Dictionary (1989) cites the first usage of ‘racism’ as occurring in 1932 and ‘racist’ in 1936. The use of ‘racialism’ is found earlier, in 1902.
58 58 Joseph Barndt, Dismantling Racism.
59 59 Martin Barker, The New Racism, p. 4.
60 60 Étienne Balibar, ‘Is There a “Neo-racism”?’, p. 21.
61 61 Philip Cohen, ‘The Perversions of Inheritance’. See also Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Racism without Racists. Velayutham uses the concept of ‘multiracialism’; see Selvaraj Velayutham, ‘Everyday Racism in Singapore’.
62 62 Floya Anthias, ‘Race and Class Revisited’, p. 23.
63 63 Michael Banton, Racial and Ethnic Competition, p. 10.
64 64 Ann Morning, ‘Ethnic Classification in Global Perspective’, p. 242.
65 65 EU Council, ‘EU Council Framework Decision’.
66 66 OHCHR, ‘International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination’.
67 67 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, ‘Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Eightieth Session’.
68 68 UNESCO, ‘Racism’.
69 69 Morning, ‘Ethnic Classification’, p. 260.
70 70 Ibid., p. 246.
71 71 Except for those cases where governments have fully acknowledged past events, such as in Germany in respect of the Holocaust, the number of victims is hotly contested. In this book I cite what I take to be reasonable estimates, derived from multiple reputable sources, but it is beyond my scope to discuss how these numbers have been derived or to verify them.
72 72 Cited by Gil Troy, Moynihan’s Moment, p. 148.
73 73 Spickard, ‘Race and Nation’, pp. 29, 21.
74 74 Cited by Krithika Varagur, ‘Black Lives Matter in Indonesia’.
75 75 Pierre Bourdieu and Loïc Wacquant, ‘On the Cunning of Imperialist Reason’, p. 48.
76 76 Nina Laurie and Alastair Bonnett, ‘Adjusting to Equity’. Livio Sansone, Blackness Without Ethnicity.
77 77 Sansone, Blackness Without Ethnicity, pp. 154, 162.
78 78 Paul C. Mocombe et al., The African-Americanization of the Black Diaspora, p. 2.
79 79 Catherine Baker, Race and the Yugoslav Region; Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic.
80 80 Sara Pistotnik and David Alexander Brown, ‘Race in the Balkans’; Dušan Bjelić, ‘Toward a Genealogy’.
81 81 Stephanie Cole and Alison Parker, eds. Beyond Black and White.
82 82 Katerina Deliovsky and Tamari Kitossa, ‘Beyond Black and White’, p. 160. See also Jared Sexton, ‘Abolition Terminable and Interminable’.
83 83 Kevin Carrico, The Great Han, p. 9.
84 84 Ergin, ‘Is the Turk a White Man?’, p. 11.
85 85