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Stadium Seating Capacity Location 1 Michigan Stadium 115 000 Ann Arbor, Michigan 2 Beaver Stadium 111 000 University Park, Pennsylvania 3 Kyle Field 111 000 College Station, Texas 4 Ohio Stadium 110 000 Columbus, Ohio 5 Neyland Stadium 109 000 Knoxville, Tennessee 6 Rose Bowl 107 000 Pasadena, California 7 AT&T Stadium 105 000 Arlington, Texas 8 Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium 104 000 Austin, Texas 9 Tiger Stadium 102 000 Baton Rouge, Louisiana 10 Bryant–Denny Stadium 102 000 Tuscaloosa, Alabama

TABLE 1.5 Top Convention Centers in the United States

Center	Location	Exhibition Space, Approx. (ft2)	Total Space, Approx. (ft2)
McCormick Place	Chicago, Illinois	2 700 000	9 000 000
Orange County Convention Center	Orlando, Florida	2,100 000	7 000 000
Georgia World Congress Center (GWCC)	Atlanta, Georgia	1 500 000	4 000 000
Las Vegas Convention Center	Las Vegas, Nevada	2,200 000	3,200 000
New Orleans Morial Convention Center	New Orleans, Louisiana	1,100 000	3,100 000
America's Center	St. Louis, Missouri	500 000	2 700 000
San Diego Convention Center	San Diego, California	600 000	2,600 000
TCF/Cobo Center	Detroit, Michigan	720 000	2 400 000
Walter E. Washington Convention Center	Washington, DC	700 000	2 300 000
Sands Expo and Convention Center	Las Vegas, Nevada	940 000	2 300 000

      Some events comprise both a set of lecture sessions and exhibit sessions. When lecture sessions are underway, the connectivity requirements (specifically, the traffic volume density) may be low or lower; however, when the sessions wrap up, there may be a pulse‐shaped traffic requirement where a large number of participants all want to make phone calls or access the Internet.

There are about 310 convention centers in the United States of various sizes, 50 of which have more than 200 000 ft² of total space. See Table 1.5 for the top 10 convention centers in the United States. For example, the largest US convention center is the McCormick Place in Chicago, Illinois, with 9 million ft² of space and 2.7 million ft² of exhibition space. The exhibit space generally tends to be one‐half to one‐third of the total space.

      1.2.4 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Open Air Gatherings and Amusement Parks

Networks for public parks are typically designed around public safety and the availability of cellular service; first responder access is important (e.g. in the context of E911). For data and multimedia services, users will typically utilize their smartphones and 4G/LTE cellular connections; however, in some instances, Wi‐Fi is available, as in the latter case, and is employed to move users toward food and merchandize concessions, or for geo‐fencing applications. A target of one million connections per square kilometer (also definable as 1 connection per m² or 1 connection every 10 ft²) has been suggested by some researchers [2]. Open air gathering tends to be more “pop up” operations with short‐lived operational timeframes; however, the density could be high, even multiple individuals (say 2–3) every 10 ft². Requirements include high‐capacity data and video access, and perhaps video surveillance.

TABLE 1.6 Top Amusement Parks in the United States

Site	2017 Visitors
1. Magic Kingdom, Lake Buena Vista, Florida	20 450 000
2. Disneyland, California	18 300 000
3. Disney's Animal Kingdom, Florida	12,500 000
4. Epcot, Florida	12,200 000
5. Disney's Hollywood Studios, Florida	10 722 000
6. Universal Studios, Florida	10 198 000
7. Disney California Adventure	9 574 000
8. Universal's Islands of Adventure, Florida	9 549 000
9. Universal Studios, Hollywood	9 056 000
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