Power Flow Control Solutions for a Modern Grid Using SMART Power Flow Controllers. Kalyan K. Sen

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Power Flow Control Solutions for a Modern Grid Using SMART Power Flow Controllers - Kalyan K. Sen


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to the grid, the old paradigm does not work since the geographic locations of the renewable resources do not in general coincide with the traditional generating plants. There is a need for the T&D systems to be revisited and modified/upgraded for the new power flow regimes. The line impedances that were tuned or optimized to serve certain flow patterns may now hinder delivery of the renewable energy to the desired destinations. The intermittent nature of the renewable energy sources brings additional challenges to system frequency and voltage control and to adopting the needed dynamic capability and the ability to control power flows bidirectionally at the right price. This can be mitigated with impedance regulation in strategically‐selected transmission corridors. Furthermore, in many localities there are no new right‐of‐ways (ROWs), and rebuilding is limited to existing ones. Even though rebuild could be inevitable, flow control may help in some scenarios and may be much more economical.

      The key to a clean energy transition depends on the electric grid’s ability to generate and distribute renewable energy through the transmission and distribution system. The intermittency of supply and bidirectional flows, coupled with the remote locations of solar and wind projects, are challenging grid planners and operators. Even before we have reached large penetration of renewables, forecasters are factoring renewable curtailment as a major strategy to balance supply and demand, which adversely impacts the economics of the projects.

      The concept of a SMART Power Flow Controller, developed in this book, is based on impedance management of the transmission line, which will be essential to (1) building the capacity to integrate and expand the use of clean distributed energy resources, (2) pursuing efficient asset utilization and reducing system losses, (3) facilitating greater transfer of clean energy from generation sites to load centers, and (4) improving grid reliability and resiliency. This technology can be customized, based on the required range and speed of operation, component non‐obsolescence, ease of relocation, and interoperability.

      The book’s unique contribution is that it

       provides the basic theory and the step‐by‐step explanation of various power flow controllers;

       offers modeling techniques that are essential to electric utilities when conducting the needed studies and analysis;

       provides computer codes in the most widely‐used Electro‐Magnetic Transients Program (EMTP) formats;

       describes a new class of power flow controllers, based on the transformers/Load Tap Changers (LTCs) technology, developed by the authors and named the Sen Transformer (ST).

      It is important to emphasize that the ST offers the equivalent control features of two devices – Phase Angle Regulator (PAR) and Voltage Regulator (VR) – for almost the price of one. If one purchases a PAR, which offers the phase angle or active power flow control only, the ST offers the added voltage or reactive power flow control capability with perhaps a small additional cost. The low‐cost power flow control technology, such as ST, is of interest to utilities because of its simplicity, compared to power electronics inverter‐based Unified Power Flow Controller.

      I believe that the Sens’ inventions are fundamental contributions toward the advancement of low‐cost electric power flow control technology. A simulation model of the ST has already been developed in PSS/E, the most widely used load flow software, and the report is given in Appendix C. As an application example exercising the PSS/E model, it was verified that the ST performed as the most suitable candidate for power flow enhancement in a segment of the Chilean network. Also, a distribution‐level Chinese demonstration of a 10‐kV unit of ST confirmed the anticipated performance of the ST.

      The topic of power flow control is of great interest to many power engineering professionals, utility engineers, large power equipment manufacturers, university professors, and students. The specialty of the book is that it develops the modern power flow control theories from the basics and supplements the theory with relevant computer models using the most widely used simulation software – EMTP and PSS/E. This book expands upon what the authors had presented in their last book, titled Introduction to FACTS Controllers – Theory, Modeling, and Applications.

      In summary, the subject of power flow control cannot be overstressed; it is a very important topic to the electric power industry and electric utilities, particularly in today’s environment. Due to the current need for integrating renewable energy sources into the grid reliably to reduce the carbon‐based generation, electric utilities are seriously considering all available technical solutions. This is a timely book that gives the reader clear instructions on how to model, design, build, and evaluate power flow controllers. It supplements nicely the very few existing books. I realize that this book is practical, hands‐on, and a true guide for the practicing engineers. The book gives significant amounts of detail in modeling and presentation that will be much appreciated by researchers/engineers in the field.

      Since the 1990s, I have been interacting with Dr. Kalyan Sen on Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS)‐related projects. As the Lead Simulation Engineer at Westinghouse, Dr. Sen developed the FACTS models, which were essential for performing the feasibility study of the Convertible Static Compensator (CSC) FACTS project before its installation at the New York Power Authority (NYPA) Marcy 345 kV substation in central NY.

      White Plains, New York

      Bruce B. Fardanesh Ph.D.,IEEE Life Fellow

      Vice President, System Planning & Analysis

      New York Power Authority


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