Encyclopedia of Renewable Energy. James G. Speight
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will remain. More oil can be produced from this treatment method due to the improved heat transfer efficiency upon retorting.
See also: Bacteria.
Bagasse
Bagasse is the dry pulpy residue left after the extraction of juice from sugar cane, used as fuel for electricity generators and other forms of energy. In addition, bagasse is 100% compostable, and if it does enter our environment, it will break down into soil entirely naturally, without any human intervention or additional processing.
More specifically, bagasse is the fibrous residue remaining after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice and is currently used as a renewable resource in the manufacture of pulp and paper products and building materials. Bagasse is often used as a primary fuel source for sugar mills; when burned in quantity, it produces sufficient heat energy to supply all the needs of a typical sugar mill, with energy to spare. To this end, a secondary use for this waste product is in cogeneration, the use of a fuel source to provide both heat energy, used in the mill, and electricity, which is typically sold to the consumer electricity grid.
Sugarcane bagasse is the major by-product of the sugar cane industry and contains approximately 50% w/w cellulose, 25% w/w hemicellulose, and 25% w/w lignin. Due to its abundant availability, the bagasse can serve as an ideal substrate for microbial processes for the production of value-added products such as protein-enriched animal feed, enzymes, amino acids, organic acids, and compounds of pharmaceutical importance.
The utilization of organic and agricultural residues such as bagasse for energy production is considered an important part in any strategy to achieve renewable energy goals and to reduce waste disposal and environmental pollution. For energy production, bagasse can be burned as a raw product or in the form of briquettes. Currently, most sugar cane bagasse is burned in boilers to produce steam which is utilized in factories and to power turbines for the production of electricity (cogeneration).
The combustion of sugar cane bagasse yields ash (bottom ash and fly ash) that contains high amounts of organic matter (charcoal and sugar cane bagasse debris) and inorganic components (on the order of 65% w/w).
One of the significant applications of bagasse is the production of protein-enriched cattle feed and enzymes. Bagasse could also be used for the production of industrially important enzymes and biofuel.
See also: Agave Bagasse, Bagasse Briquettes, Biomass, Sugarcane, Sugar Crops, Sugars and Starch.
Bagasse Briquettes
Bagasse is the fibrous residue remaining after sugarcane or sorghum stalks, for example, are crushed to extract their juice. It is currently used as a renewable resource in the manufacture of pulp and paper products and building materials. However, surplus bagasse presents a disposal problem for many sugar factories. Briquetting technology offers a way to reduce the surplus amount of bagasse.
A briquette (also spelled briquet) is a compressed block of (typically) combustible material (such as charcoal, sawdust, and wood chips) used for fuel. In some cases, the briquettes may be used for transportation before further processing. A piston press is used to create solid briquettes for a wide array of purposes. Screw extrusion is used to compact biomass into loose, homogeneous briquettes that are substituted for coal in cofiring. This technology creates a toroidal (doughnut-like) briquette.
The briquetting process involves the following steps: (i) size reduction in which the bagasse is chopped, rolling, or hammered, (ii) drying in which moisture is removed by open air drying or by using forced, heated air in a large rotating drum, (iii) carbonization in which the bagasse is combusted in a limited supply of oxygen in a buried pit or trench until it carbonizes into charcoal, (iv) feedstock preparation in which the carbonized bagasse is mixed with a binder such as clay or molasses, (v) compaction and extrusion in which the material is passed through a machine-operated or manually-operated extruder to form rolls of charcoal, (vi) drying in which the rolls are air-dried for 1 to 3 days, causing them to break into chunks, and (vii) packaging in which the briquettes in are made ready for sales.
See also: Agave Bagasse, Bagasse.
Baghouse
The baghouse (also known as a baghouse filter, bag filter, fabric filter, or fabric collector) uses filtration to separate dust particulates from particle-laden gases. They are one of the most efficient and cost-effective types of dust collectors available and can achieve a collection efficiency of more than 99% for fine particulates. A baghouse can be engineered for almost any dust producing application under almost any set of circumstances. In the cleaning process, particle-laden gases enter the baghouse and pass through a series of fabric bags that act as filters. The bags can be made of woven or felted cotton, synthetic, or glass-fiber material in either a tube or envelope shape.
The high efficiency of these collectors is due to the dust cake formed on the surfaces of the bags. The fabric primarily provides a surface on which dust particulates collect through the following mechanisms which are (i) inertial collection in which dust particles strike the fibers placed perpendicular to the gas-flow direction instead of changing direction with the gas stream, (ii) interception in which particles that do not cross the fluid streamlines come in contact with fibers because of the fiber size, and (iii) electrostatic forces in which the presence of an electrostatic charge on the particles and the filter can increase dust capture. A combination of these mechanisms results in formation of the dust cake on the filter, which eventually increases the resistance to gas flow. The filter must be cleaned periodically.
Baghouses come in design classifications based on the manner by which the bags are cleaned: (i) the pulse jet system, which uses high-pressure air directed down into the clean side of a filter bag in order to remove the dust cake from the surface of the media, (ii) the shaker style system, which involves shaking the bags in order to mechanically release the dust cake, and (iii) the reverse air system in which the bags are collapsed in order to mechanically shear the dust cake from the bag surface.
In mechanical-shaker baghouses, tubular filter bags are fastened onto a cell plate at the bottom of the baghouse and suspended from horizontal beams at the top. The contaminate gas streams enters the bottom of the baghouse and passes through the filter, and the dust collects on the inside surface of the bags. Cleaning a mechanical-shaker baghouse is accomplished by shaking the top horizontal bar from which the bags are suspended. Vibration produced by a motor-driven shaft and cam creates waves in the bags to shake off the dust cake.
In reverse-air baghouses, the bags are fastened onto a cell plate at the bottom of the baghouse and suspended from an adjustable hanger frame at the top. Dirty gas flow normally enters the baghouse and passes through the bag from the inside, and the dust collects on the inside of the bags. In reverse-jet baghouses, individual bags are supported by a metal cage, which is fastened onto a cell plate at the top of the baghouse. Dirty gas enters from the bottom of the baghouse and flows from outside to inside the bags. The metal cage prevents collapse of the bag. Bags are cleaned by a short burst of compressed air injected through a common manifold over a row of bags. The compressed air is accelerated by a venturi nozzle mounted at the reverse-jet baghouse top of the bag. Since the duration of the compressed-air burst is short (0.1 seconds), it acts as a rapidly moving air bubble, traveling through the entire length of the bag and causing the bag surfaces to flex. This flexing of the bags breaks the dust cake, and the dislodged dust falls into a storage hopper below.
Cartridge collectors are another commonly used type of dust collector. Unlike baghouse collectors, in which the filtering media is woven or felt bags, this type of collector employs perforated metal cartridges that contain a pleated, nonwoven filtering media. Due to its pleated design, the total filtering surface area is greater than in a conventional bag of the same diameter, resulting in reduced air-to-media ratio, pressure drop, and overall collector size.
See also: Baghouse Filter.