Fundamentals and Methods of Machine and Deep Learning. Pradeep Singh

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Fundamentals and Methods of Machine and Deep Learning - Pradeep Singh


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      Zonotic Diseases Detection Using Ensemble Machine Learning Algorithms

       Bhargavi K.

       Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakuru, India

       Abstract

      Keywords: Zonotic disease, ensemble machine learning, Bayes optimal classifier, bagging, boosting, Bayesian model averaging, Bayesian model combination, stacking

      Zonotic diseases are a kind of infectious disease which spreads from animals to human beings; the disease usually spreads from infectious agents like virus, prion, virus, and bacteria. The human being who gets affected first will, in turn, spread that disease to other human beings likewise the chain of disease builds. The zonotic disease gets transferred in two different mode of transmission, one is direct transmission in which disease get transferred from animal to human being, and the other is intermediate transmission in which the disease get transferred via intermediate species that carry the disease pathogen. The emergence of zonotic diseases usually happens in large regional, global, political, economic, national, and social forces levels. There are eight most common zonotic diseases which spread from animal to humans on a wider geographical area which include zonotic influenza, salmonellosis, West Nile virus, plague, corona viruses, rabies, brucellosis, and lyme disease. Early identification of such infectious disease is very much necessary which can be done using ensemble machine learning techniques [1, 2].

      The identification and controlling of spread of zonotic disease is challenging due to several issues which includes no proper symptoms, signs of zoonoses are very much similar, improper vaccination of animals, poor knowledge among the peoples about animal health, costly to control the world wide spread of the disease, not likely to change the habits of people, prioritization of symptoms of disease is difficult, lack of proper clothing, sudden raise in morbidity of the humans, consumption of spoiled or contaminated food, inability to control the spread of zonotic microorganisms, reemerging of zonotic diseases at regular time intervals, difficult to form coordinated remedial policies, violation of international law to control the disease, transaction cost to arrive at disease control agreements is high, surveillance of disease at national and international level is difficult, unable to trace the initial symptoms of influenza virus, wide spread nature of severe acute respiratory syndromes, inability to provide sufficient resources, climate change also influences on the spread of the disease, difficult to prioritize the zonotic diseases, increasing trend in the spread of disease from animals to humans, and continuous and close contact between the humans and animals [3, 4].

      The main goal of applying ensemble machine learning algorithms in identifying the zonotic diseases are as follows: decreases the level of bagging and bias and improves the zonotic disease detection accuracy with minimum iteration of training, automatic identification of diseases, use of base learners make it suitable to medical domain, easy to identify the spread of disease at early stage itself, identifies the feature vector which yields maximum information gain, easy training of hyper parameters, treatment cost is minimum, adequate coverage happens to large set of medical problems, reoccurrence of the medical problems can be identified early, high correlation between machine learning models leads to efficient output, training and execution time is less, scalability of the ensemble models is high, offers aggregated benefits of several models, non-linear decision-making ability is high, provides sustainable solutions to chronic diseases, automatic tuning of internal parameters increases the convergence rate, reusing rate of the clinical trials gets reduced, early intervention prevents spread of disease, capable to record and store high-dimensional clinical dataset, recognition of neurological diseases is easy, misclassification of medical images with poor image quality is reduced, combines the aggregated power of multiple machine learning models, and so on [10, 11].

      The basic conditional probability equation predicts one outcome given another outcome, consider A and B are two probable outcomes the probability of occurrence of event using the equation P(A|B) = (P(B|A)*P(A))/P(B). The probabilistic frameworks used for prediction purpose are broadly classified into two types one is maximum posteriori, and the other is maximum likelihood estimation. The important objective of these two types of probabilistic framework is that they locate most promising hypothesis in the given training data sample. Some of the zonotic diseases which can be identified and treated well using Bayes optimal classifier are Anthrax, Brucellosis, Q fever, scrub typhus, plague, tuberculosis, leptospirosis, rabies, hepatitis, nipah virus, avian influenza, and so on [12, 13]. A high-level representation of Bayes optimal classifier is shown in Figure 2.1. In the hyperplane of available datasets, the Bayes classifier performs the multiple category classification operation to draw soft boundary among the available datasets and make separate classifications. It is observed that, with maximum iteration of training and overtime, the accuracy of the Bayes optimal classifier keeps improving.


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