the role of self-awareness in the perception of threat and resultant reactance. They found that an individual will resist persuasion once a communication is interpreted as coercive and this can happen when the individual has some degree of self awareness.
Stillman (1977)
A review of freedom and reactance by Robert A. Wicklund.
Baer et al. (1980)
Examined the extent that individuals can project autonomy before or after a threat to freedom. This study supported the self-presentational view of reactance, in that reactance effects were confined to participants’ public attitudes, whereas their private attitudes were unchanged. When prior exercise of freedom was public, the reactance process for participants was hindered.
Clee and Wicklund (1980)
A review of psychological reactance and its broad applicability to consumer behavior.
Brehm and Brehm (1981)
Described the theory and research of psychological reactance.
Wright and Brehm (1982)
Critically reviewed reactance and impression management.
Brockner et al. (1983)
Explored the influential properties of self-esteem and self-consciousness when interacted with the Wortman-Brehm model of reactance and learned helplessness. Low self-esteem individuals exhibited more reactance effects when they had high self-consciousness and with extended failure they were more likely to show helplessness than individuals with high self esteem.
Seltzer (1983)
Explored the dynamics of paradoxical intervention by stressing external or situational pressures and the link to psychological reactance. Results suggested that the final choice was influenced by reactance although its primary determinants were the student’s self-efficacy and opportunistic ideals.
Mikulincer (1988)
Examined the effects of the internal-external attributional style on affective and performance reactions following different amounts of failure. Results indicated that following exposure to four unsolvable problems, internal attributors exhibited stronger feelings of incompetence and a decrease in performance compared with external attributors.
Nail et al. (1996)
Tested the effectance versus self-presentational view of reactance. The study found that interpersonal processes can affect the expression of reactance and suggests that in some cases, concern for self-presentation may be a necessary condition for measurable reactance effects to occur.
Wicklund (1997)
Reviewed the theory of psychological reactance.
Bushman (1998)
Investigated the effect of informational warning labels on consumerables. Results were consistent with the prediction, although not significant, warning labels may have considerable influence on behavior in situations in which there are clear low-cost behavioral alternatives that are reasonably satisfactory.
Burger (1999)
A review of foot-in-the-door manipulation psychological reactance and other psychological processes.
Beutler et al. (2002)
Review of resistance and reactance in psychotherapy.
Crawford et al. (2002)
Assessed whether anticipated regret impacted one’s decision to react or comply. The results displayed that anticipated regret cannot account for reactance effects. Participants were more likely to perceive greater anticipated regret associated with reactance versus compliance and thus complied.
Silvia (2005)
Explored psychological reactance with focus on individuals and their similarity to persons/communicators who are threatening their freedom. Findings indicated that dissimilarity with the communicator invoked reactance whereas similarity to the communicator increased liking and consequently compliance.
Bushman (2006)
Investigated the effect of informational warning labels on attraction to violence in television viewers of different ages. Across age viewers consider warning labels to be a restriction on their freedom to watch what they want.
Miron and Brehm (2006)
Review of psychological reactance from 1966–2006.
Silvia (2006)
Explored whether threats to freedom can cause disagreement and examined the implications of reactance-based sleeper effects. This study showed that disagreement based on cognitive responses (threat at the start) was more stable over time; however, disagreement based on motivation to restore freedom (threat at the end) was unstable over time and persons agreed with the communicator.
Cho and Sands (2011)
Explored the impact of gain and loss framed messages on perceived threats to freedom. Consistence with previous studies, loss-framed messages aroused greater perceived threats to freedom than gain-framed messages.
Graupmann et al. (2012)
Reaction to threat of freedom of choice was influenced by self-construal. Activation of independent self than interdependent self resulted in more reactance when ingroup members eliminate choice options.
Laurin et al. (2012)
Study aimed to reconciling two seemingly opposing ideas in the literature on rationalization and reactance. Restricted freedom type (definitive and non-definitive) was identified as a factor that predicts which of the two processes, rationalization and reactance, is most likely to occur.
Quick (2012)
Compared Dillard and Shen (2005) measure and the Lindsey (2005) measure of psychological reactance.
Reinhart and Anker (2012)
Utilized reactance and transport theory in understanding perceptions of persuasive public service announcements on organ donation.
Steindl and Jonas (2012)
Perspective taking and culture were important factors in influencing reactance. Adopting the perspective of threatening person reduced reactance.
Wright and Palmer (2012)
Use of persuasive techniques on public to portray specific behavioral patterns illicit reactance tendencies.
Bessarabova et al. (2013)
Reactance is reduced by postscript in situation of high threat message but not in situation of low threat message
Folger et al. (2013)
Examination of behavioral ethics as it pertains to bounded autonomy versus deonance. Ethical tensions may occur between employees and the organization when employees experience dilemma between their duty as an employee and their morality, and rights.
Laurin et al. (2013)
System justification theory and psychological reactance theory were explored in the context of how employees response to new workplace policies. Are the policies perceived as restrictive or do employees justify organizational implementations of policies?
Miller et al. (2013)
Psychological reactance significantly strengthened inoculation effects, leading to an enhanced resistance to persuasion and reduced attitude change.
Quick (2013)
Assessed novelty of message on reactance and findings suggest
