1  Cover

      2  Series Page

      3  Title Page

      4  Copyright Page

      5  LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

      6  PREFACE

      7  1 Evaluating Different Geophysical Monitoring Techniques for Geological Carbon Storage 1.1. INTRODUCTION 1.2. GEODETIC AND SURFACE MONITORING 1.3. SUBSURFACE SEISMIC MONITORING 1.4. SUBSURFACE NONSEISMIC MONITORING 1.5. CASE STUDIES OF GEOPHYSICAL MONITORING ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

      8  Part I: Geodetic and Surface Monitoring 2 Geodetic Monitoring of the Geological Storage ofGreenhouse Gas Emissions 2.1. INTRODUCTION 2.2. OBSERVATIONAL METHODS 2.3. DATA INTERPRETATION AND INVERSION METHODS 2.4. FIELD APPLICATIONS 2.5. CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 3 Surface Monitoring, Verification, and Accounting (MVA) for Geologic Sequestration Storage 3.1. INTRODUCTION 3.2. CURRENT STATE OF THE ART 3.3. FREQUENCY MODULATED SPECTROSCOPY 3.4. FMS PHYSICS AND MODELING 3.5. RESULTS 3.6. CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

      9  Part II: Subsurface Seismic Monitoring 4 Optimal Design of Microseismic Monitoring Network for Cost‐Effective Monitoring of Geologic Carbon Storage 4.1. INTRODUCTION 4.2. METHOD 4.3. OPTIMAL DESIGN OF A SURFACE SEISMIC ARRAY 4.4. OPTIMAL DESIGN OF A BOREHOLE GEOPHONE ARRAY 4.5. DISCUSSION 4.6 CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 5 Seismic Response of Fractured Sandstone During Geological Sequestration of CO₂ 5.1. INTRODUCTION 5.2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 5.3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 5.4. DISCUSSION 5.5. CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 6 Dynamic Moduli and Attenuation 6.1. INTRODUCTION 6.2. DATA COLLECTION AND METHODOLOGY 6.3. LABORATORY CORE MEASUREMENTS 6.4. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 6.5. CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS APPENDIX REFERENCES 7 Elastic‐Wave Sensitivity Propagation for Optimal Time‐LapseSeismic Survey Design 7.1. INTRODUCTION 7.2. METHODOLOGY 7.3. NUMERICAL RESULTS 7.4. CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 8 Time‐Lapse Offset VSP Monitoring at the Aneth CO₂ ‐EOR Field 8.1. INTRODUCTION 8.2. TIME‐LAPSE OFFSET VSP SURVEYS 8.3 RELOCATION OF OFFSET VSP SOURCES 8.4. BALANCING TIME‐LAPSE VSP DATA 8.5. DEPTH MIGRATION OF TIME‐LAPSE OFFSET VSP DATA 8.6. TIME‐LAPSE RESERVOIR CHANGE 8.7.