Flexible Supercapacitors. Группа авторов
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2 Stretchable Supercapacitors
La Li and Guozhen Shen
State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100083, China
2.1 Overview of Stretchable Supercapacitors
Stretchable supercapacitors (SCs) that possess both flexibility and stretchability in terms of mechanical property and easy integration in terms of whole electro circuit design have attracted plenty of interest because they fulfill the demands of wearable or skin‐attachable electronic devices on energy storage [1–5]. By couple with stretchable SCs, portable/ wearable devices could easily realize the special health monitor and chemical, physical, biological, etc. signal detection without impacting on the size, volume, mass of the wearable electronic [6–8]. Current stretchable SCs are composed of deformable substrate, electrode materials, and all‐solid‐state electrolyte, which are much simplified in comparison with traditional SCs that contain two other components: current collector and separator.
The energy storage mechanism of stretchable SCs is similar to traditional SCs, which can be divided into pseudocapacitors and electrical double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs) according to the used electrode materials [9–12]. These two kinds of SCs have their merit and shortcoming, pseudocapacitors presented by the metal oxides, conductive polymers and nanocomposites possess the advantages of much higher capacitance owing to the reversible faradaic reactions at the electrode/electrolyte interface, for example, the theoretical‐capacitance value of two‐dimensional layered double hydroxide electrode materials is as high as 3000 F g−1, but suffer from poor cycling life, inferior rate capability and relatively low conductivity [13–17]. Porous carbon materials based EDLCs with benefits of ultra‐long cycling life, high power density, good chemical stability, non‐toxic and environmental friendliness are of importance for SCs, but their specific capacitance is limited to fewer than about 300 F g−1 [18–22]. The electrochemical performance like specific capacitance, stability, lifespan etc. under different deformation is a basal parameter in the process of development of stretchable SCs, must be considered.
Stretchable substrate, which could assist the energy storage to be fabricated or integrated on clothes and the human body, is highly desirable for wearable electronic devices because human skin and human body activity often go along with a certain extent of stretchability [23, 24]. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is the most frequent use substrate in the stretchable devices owing to its high strain (>100%), which is much stronger than that of stainless steel mesh (~20%) [25–27]. There are many other typical stretchable substrates, such as polyurethane (PU) [28], elastic yarns,