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exam assumes you are well versed in the eight primitive data types, their relative sizes, and what can be stored in them. Table 1.6 shows the Java primitive types together with their size in bits and the range of values that each holds.

TABLE 1.6 Primitive types

Keyword	Type	Min value	Max value	Default value	Example
boolean	true or false	n/a	n/a	false	true
byte	8-bit integral value	-128	127	0	123
short	16-bit integral value	-32,768	32,767	0	123
int	32-bit integral value	-2,147,483,648	2,147,483,647	0	123
long	64-bit integral value	-263	263 – 1	0L	123L
float	32-bit floating-point value	n/a	n/a	0.0f	123.45f
double	64-bit floating-point value	n/a	n/a	0.0	123.456
char	16-bit Unicode value	0	65,535	\u0000	'a'

      Is String a Primitive?

      No, it is not. That said, String is often mistaken for a ninth primitive because Java includes built-in support for String literals and operators. You learn more about String in Chapter 4, but for now, just remember it's an object, not a primitive.

There's a lot of information in Table 1.6. Let's look at some key points:

       The byte, short, int, and long types are used for integer values without decimal points.

       Each numeric type uses twice as many bits as the smaller similar type. For example, short uses twice as many bits as byte does.

       All of the numeric types are signed and reserve one of their bits to cover a negative range. For example, instead of byte covering 0 to 255 (or even 1 to 256) it actually covers -128 to 127.

       A float requires the letter f or F following the number so Java knows it is a float. Without an f or F, Java interprets a decimal value as a double.

       A long requires the letter l or L following the number so Java knows it is a long. Without an l or L, Java interprets a number without a decimal point as an int in most scenarios.

      You won't be asked about the exact sizes of these types, although you should have a general idea of the size of smaller types like byte and short. A common question among newer Java developers is, what is the bit size of boolean? The answer is, it is not specified and is dependent on the JVM where the code is being executed.

      Signed and Unsigned: short and char

      For the exam, you should be aware that short and char are closely related, as both are stored as integral types with the same 16-bit length. The primary difference is that short is signed, which means it splits its range across the positive and negative integers. Alternatively, char is unsigned, which means its range is strictly positive, including 0.

      Often, short and char values can be cast to one another because the underlying data size is the same. You learn more about casting in Chapter 2, “Operators.”

      Writing Literals

      There are a few more things you should know about numeric primitives. When a number is present in the code, it is called a literal. By default, Java assumes you are defining an int value with a numeric literal. In the following example, the number listed is bigger than what fits in an int. Remember, you aren't expected to memorize the maximum value for an int. The exam will include it in the question if it comes up.

      long max = 3123456789; // DOES NOT COMPILE

Java complains the number is out of range. And it is—for an int. However, we don't have an int. The solution is to add the character L to the number:

      long max = 3123456789L; // Now Java knows it is a long

      Alternatively, you could add a lowercase l to the number. But please use the uppercase L. The lowercase l looks like the number 1.

      Another way to specify numbers is to change the “base.” When you learned how to count, you studied the digits 0–9. This numbering system is called base 10 since there are 10 possible values for each digit. It is also known as the decimal number system. Java allows you to specify digits in several other formats:

       Octal (digits 0–7), which uses the number 0 as a prefix—for example, 017.

       Hexadecimal (digits 0–9 and letters A–F/a–f), which uses 0x or 0X as a prefix—for example, 0xFF, 0xff, 0XFf. Hexadecimal is case insensitive, so all of these examples mean the same value.

       Binary (digits 0–1), which uses the number 0 followed

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