1 Chapter 2TABLE 2-1 The pH Scale and the Associated Hydrogen Ion ConcentrationTABLE 2-2 The K_a Values for Biologically Important Acids

      2 Chapter 3TABLE 3-1 Possible Bonds of Carbon and Selected NonmetalsTABLE 3-2 Acid-Base Properties of Biologically Important Functional Groups

      3 Chapter 4TABLE 4-1 pK_a Values for the Amino Acids

      4 Chapter 6TABLE 6-1 Six Basic Types of EnzymesTABLE 6-2 Some Possible Types of Oxidation and Reduction ReactionsTABLE 6-3 Idealized Kinetics Data

      5 Chapter 8TABLE 8-1 Common Fatty Acids

      6 Chapter 12TABLE 12-1 Relationships between

      7 Chapter 13TABLE 13-1 Some Physiological Reduction Potentials (E’°)TABLE 13-2 Essential and Nonessential Amino Acids

      8 Chapter 14TABLE 14-1 Ten Enzymes Necessary for Inosine SynthesisTABLE 14-2 Glucogenic and Ketogenic Amino AcidsTABLE 14-3 Essential and Nonessential Amino Acids

      9 Chapter 15TABLE 15-1 Some Genetic Diseases in Humans

      10 Chapter 16TABLE 16-1 The Standard Genetic Code

      11 Chapter 17TABLE 17-1 Base-Pairing Rules for the Wobble Hypothesis

      1 Chapter 1FIGURE 1-1: Simplified prokaryotic cell.FIGURE 1-2: Simplified illustration of an animal cell.FIGURE 1-3: Simplified illustration of a plant cell.

      2 Chapter 2FIGURE 2-1: Structure of a water molecule.FIGURE 2-2: Structure of a typical amphipathic (both water-loving and water-hat...FIGURE 2-3: Structure of a micelle, composed of amphipathic molecules, with the...

      3 Chapter 3FIGURE 3-1: Top: straight chain hydrocarbon expanded and condensed. Middle: bra...FIGURE 3-2: Examples of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons.FIGURE 3-3: Oxygen- and sulfur-containing functional groups.FIGURE 3-4: Some nitrogen-containing functional groups.FIGURE 3-5: Phosphorous-containing functional groups.FIGURE 3-6: Acetals, hemiacetals, hemiketals, and ketals.FIGURE 3-7: Cis and trans isomers.FIGURE 3-8: The structure of glucose, a sugar with four chiral carbon atoms.FIGURE 3-9: The construction of a Fischer projection.FIGURE 3-10: Fischer projection formulas distinguish stereoisomers.

      4 Chapter 4FIGURE 4-1: A zwitterion’s formation.FIGURE 4-2: (a) zwitterion form, (b) protonated form, and (c) deprotonated form...FIGURE 4-3: Different ways of drawing the Fischer projections of the amino acid...FIGURE 4-4: Nonpolar amino acids.FIGURE 4-5: Polar amino acids.FIGURE 4-6: Acidic amino acids.FIGURE 4-7: Basic amino acids.FIGURE 4-8: Two of the less common amino acids.FIGURE 4-9: Joining two cysteine molecules to form cystine.FIGURE 4-10: The formation of a peptide bond.FIGURE 4-11: Resonance stabilization of a peptide bond.FIGURE 4-12: A tripeptide.

      5 Chapter 5FIGURE 5-1: Repeating sequence of the protein backbone.FIGURE 5-2: Structure of bovine insulin.FIGURE 5-3: Hydrogen bonding between two peptide bonds.FIGURE 5-4: The generic structure of an

      6 Chapter 6FIGURE 6-1: General form, unbalanced, of two transferase catalyzed reactions.FIGURE 6-2: General form of two hydrolase catalyzed reactions.FIGURE 6-3: General form of two lyase catalyzed reactions.FIGURE 6-4: Examples of isomerase reactions catalyzed by a racemase and an epim...FIGURE 6-5: Reactions illustrating the action of the ligases pyruvate carboxyla...FIGURE 6-6: The Lock and Key Model of enzyme catalysis.FIGURE 6-7: The Induced-Fit Model of enzyme catalysis.FIGURE 6-8: Effect of an enzyme on a reaction.FIGURE 6-9: Plot of reaction rate, V, versus substrate concentration, [substrat...FIGURE 6-10: A Lineweaver-Burk plot.FIGURE 6-11: A Woolf plot.FIGURE 6-12: An Eadie-Hofstee plot.FIGURE 6-13: A Lineweaver-Burk plot indicating noncompetitive inhibition.FIGURE 6-14: A Lineweaver-Burk plot indicating competitive inhibition.

      7 Chapter 7FIGURE 7-1: The relationship between the three-dimensional structure around a c...FIGURE 7-2: Structure of D-glucose.FIGURE 7-3: Structures of