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Liquid Crystal Displays. Ernst Lueder

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Liquid Crystal Displays - Ernst Lueder

25.1 Introduction 25.2 Communication Zones in the Vehicle 25.3 The Early Beginnings of Instrumentation 25.4 Overview and Display Solutions over Time 25.5 Display Technologies for Driver Information Systems 25.6 Fusion of the Instrument Cluster with the Centre Console Display Unit 25.7 Head-up Displays 25.8 Nomadic Devices 25.9 HMI for Vehicles References

36 Appendix 1: Formats of Flat Panel Displays

37 Appendix 2: Optical Units of Displays

38 Appendix 3: Properties of Polarized Light

39 Index

40 End User License Agreement

List of Tables

1 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Properties of liquid crystal materials Table 2.2 Properties of nematic LC materials with a wide temperature range

2 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Various representations of the state of polarization

3 Chapter 14Table 14.1

4 Chapter 19Table 19.1 Characteristics of the white LED in Figure 19.19Table 19.2 Characteristics with shifted λ_d values from those in Table 19.1Table 19.3 Comparison of data between a BLU without and with cone-shaped lensTable 19.4 Grating data and expected efficiencies

5 Chapter 21Table 21.1 Requirements of plastic substrates for LCDsTable 21.2 Properties of three plastic substrates

6 Chapter 22Table 22.1 Data of test liquidsTable 22.2 Comparison of wetting angles before and after surface cleaning with plasma and UV–ozoneTable 22.3 Free surface energies and wetting angles of various materials in the saturated stateTable 22.4 Free surface energy γs and wetting angles of the same materials as in Table 22.3 right after UV–ozone cleaningTable 22.5 Surface tension γ_s and parameter S of the solventsTable 22.6 Vapour pressure of some solventsTable 22.7 Surface energy γ_s after various surface treatments and wetting angle after fluorinationTable 22.8 Fabrication condition of the OTFT array. This table was reproduced from Yase, K. et al., SID 09, p. 200 with permission by The Society for Information Display

7 Chapter 23Table 23.1 t₀ (in ms) for varying values of ε_|| and ε_┴ (d = 3.5 μm)

List of Figures

1 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 (a) Rod-like or calamitic liquid crystal molecule with director n; (b) disc-like or discotic liquid crystal molecules Figure 2.2 Phases of LC materials versus temperature Figure 2.3 Top view of (a) the close packed hexagonal structure of the smectic B_hex phase, and (b) of the smectic C phase Figure 2.4 The helix in a layered structure of chiral smectic C liquid crystals with polarization

perpendicular to

Figure 2.5 Helix of the cholesteric phase Figure 2.6 The rotational viscosity for rotation of a molecule perpendicular to the director Figure 2.7 Equilibrium configuration; the elastic deformations splay (a), twist (b) and bend (c)Figure 2.8 The basic structure of a calamitic LC molecule Figure 2.9 Top view of the rows, columns, pixels and contact pads of a display panel Figure 2.10 The structure of a TN-LCD (a) while light is passing, and (b) while light is blocked, a: polarizer; b: glass substrate; c; transparent electrode; g; orientation layer; e: liquid crystal; f: illumination Figure 2.11 LC molecules with pretilt angle a₀ on top of the orientation layer Figure 2.12 Change in the position of the LC molecules with increasing voltage Figure 2.13 Transmitted luminance versus the reduced voltage V_LC across the LC cell for the normally white and normally black modes Figure 2.14 The geometrical arrangement of colour pixels for red R, green G, and blue B (a) in triangles, (b) in stripes and (c) in diagonal form Figure 2.15 Cross-section of a colour filter for TFT addressed LCDs Figure 2.16 TFT addressing of the pixels in a row Figure 2.17 Waveform of the voltage across a pixel during charging and discharge of the storage capacitor

2 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 The plane A in which a planar wave travels with speed c₁ and wave vector

parallel to the normal

Figure 3.2 The phasor P₀ representing the vector E of an electrical field Figure 3.3 Rotation of the ξ−η coordinates by a into the x-y coordinates Figure 3.4 (a) Top view of Fréedericksz cell with direction of LC molecules and vector E of electric field; (b) cross section of LC cell with parallel layers of molecules and wave vectors k, kx and ky Figure 3.5 The ellipse as locus for the vector of the electric field Figure 3.6 Right- and left-handed elliptically polarized light seen against the propagating wave with wave vector k.

viewing against the arrow of k Figure 3.7

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