Managing Customer Experience and Relationships. Don Peppers
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PRODUCT COMPETENCE
The term “product competence” can be thought of in terms of both the product or service's reliability and its value. A product-competent enterprise is capable of rendering its products or services on schedule, seamlessly across multiple channels, at reasonable prices, and consistently through time in such a way that they don't need a lot of maintenance, repair, correction, or undue attention from a customer to meet the customer's need. Importantly, product competence is something every business must master just to have any reasonable chance for profit at all and it’s safe to say that by the end of the twentieth century nearly every business in the industrialized world had mastered the issue of basic product competence, for the simple reason that any company that remained product incompetent had either gone out of business already or been absorbed into a more competent firm.
A product or service can be considered reliable in the eyes of the customer if it directly and efficiently solves their problem (or does the job they're looking for) without introducing a host of other hassles, problems, or issues. It should perform as advertised, without failing or breaking down. And reliability is required not just of the physical product or service sold to a customer, but also with respect to all the different services that surround that product (e.g., invoicing and shipping, handling inquiries and requests, making repairs or service improvements, and protecting customers' data and privacy). The website should function smoothly and clearly, service should be performed on time, security flaws should be eliminated, and so forth. In addition, customers don't think in terms of departments or silos, so an enterprise that delivers its customer experience through the separate, uncoordinated activities of multiple operating entities or business units isn't likely to appear very reliable to the customer. Regardless of whatever internal elements are involved in running a business, a reliable customer experience can only be delivered by removing managers' internal focus and trying to repair the division between customer-facing and non-customer-facing groups and processes in order to deliver a single, unified experience to each customer. From billing and invoicing to technology implementations and employee training programs, all parts of an enterprise should be cognizant of their role in influencing the customer experience.
Product or service reliability is perhaps the easiest and most straightforward quality for an enterprise to monitor on a regular basis, but the enterprise has to be interested in monitoring it. As SVP of Customer Experience at Fidelity Investments, Parrish Arturi (currently Head of Digital Distribution at TIAA) focused his efforts on one small process improvement at a time to ratchet up the reliability of his company's customer experience. Importantly, he set up a customer experience improvement budget and allowed middle managers to tap it for small amounts of funds to fix these individual problems without having to do fully fleshed out proposals. The company set up a discussion board where employees could flag any problems or flaws in the company's services, and managers could then investigate the issue and follow up as needed. When one of Fidelity's frontline service reps noticed a surprising number of customers appeared to be having trouble simply logging into their accounts through the phone system, for instance, the rep started a thread on the discussion board, which called it to the attention of Arturi's team, who then worked with the phone system vendor to find the cause for the problem and identify a solution for it almost immediately.7 If Fidelity had not set up a specific employee channel (its discussion board) for raising these kinds of issues, the company might not have become aware of this problem for days, weeks, or even months, until some customer somewhere lodged a complaint.
A customer considers their experience to be valuable when the value-for-money ratio is appropriate. No one expects a Bergdorf experience when they go to Costco; no one drives a Lexus expecting it to feel like driving a Ford. But as Warren Buffett once said, “Price is what you pay. Value is what you get.” And this is an important point, because value can best be thought of as the total utility or usefulness delivered to a customer. It is an inherently subjective, squishy idea, while price is objective, exact, and easily quantified. On the one hand, price is something concrete that we can write down or divide into percentages. The value of a customer experience, on the other hand, like so much else, is completely in the eye of the beholder. Something has value for me if I say it does. In many situations, the value of the customer experience to a customer is closely related to its reliability. A more reliable customer experience will probably cost the enterprise less to maintain or manage, as well. At Fidelity, for instance, this is exactly what Arturi's team found. The cost of the customer experience team's fix for the phone system was a mere $20,000, but remedying the login problem for customers ended up saving Fidelity some $4 million annually in phone calls that no longer had to be handled by live representatives.8
Price is what you pay. Value is what you get.
—Warren Buffett
Customer Experience Duality
In 1906, the British physicist J. J. Thompson was awarded the Nobel Prize for proving that the electron is a particle. In a deeply ironic twist of fate, 31 years later, in 1937, J. J.'s son George Thompson was awarded his own Nobel Prize for proving that the electron is actually a wave. So, who was right? Was it Thompson the elder or the younger? Actually, they were both right, because of the quantum mechanics principle known as wave-particle duality. A quantum entity can be described as either a particle or a wave, but once it is observed to be either, it will remain in that same observed state for the rest of eternity. It's just the way the universe works.
In the customer experience discipline, we could say there is a kind of customer-experience duality as well. And this principle can be illustrated by a story one of the authors encountered in the late 1990s at Australia's St. George Bank (now part of Westpac). On a consulting visit we had a meeting one morning with the marketing folks at St. George who introduced us to their new ATMs, which had been programmed to remember individual customers and to offer them customized services based on their history and their observed preferences. You could put your cash card into the St. George Bank ATM, enter your PIN code, and the machine might display the message “Welcome, Mr. Jackson. Would you like your usual $100 cash from your checking account, no receipt?” and Mr. Jackson could simply press “yes” or “no.” Choosing “yes” meant he could get his usual cash withdrawal and leave, while choosing “no” would give him access to all the other ATM's various functions, including deposits, transfers, information lookups, and so forth.
Today, of course, virtually every bank's ATMs operate in a similar way, but at the time (the 1990s) this was a very novel form of personalization. One of the authors banked at Citibank during this period and had to begin every ATM transaction by selecting to use English in addition to identifying which account, how much, receipt or not, and so forth. Every week required inputting the same choices and the same answers. So at St. George Bank we complimented the marketing folks for having cracked the code on personalizing and streamlining their ATM customer experience.
Later that afternoon we met with the computer folks at the bank, and we complimented them, too, on the improved level of service their ATM software was providing to customers. But one of the IT managers scoffed at the very idea that this innovation had been done for customer-service reasons. “Customer service had nothing to do with it,” he said. “So why then,” we asked, “had the bank programmed its ATMs in this way to make things so much easier for customers?”
The IT manager replied that they were solving a different problem entirely, because real estate for placing ATMs, in Sydney, Australia, was quite expensive and difficult to come by. He explained that these changes allowed an ATM to serve a lot more customers in the same amount of time.
So who's right? Is it better service? Or lower cost? They're both right. It's customer experience duality.
In a valuable customer experience, there are no hidden costs or pricing tricks, and the value proposition should be good for both sides of the transaction—seller as well as buyer. The value