Musculoskeletal Disorders. Sean Gallagher
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development. The idea was to provide evidence that fatigue failure was occurring in musculoskeletal tissues and to examine the diverse implications of fatigue failure occurring in a complex biological setting. As will be seen in this book, this process (a modified fatigue failure process) is likely influenced by numerous physiological and psychological factors, all of which would be expected to play important roles in maintaining musculoskeletal health.
This book is the result of our examination of the impact of the fatigue failure process and its interactions with biological and physiological mechanisms affecting musculoskeletal health. The book provides considerable information on the musculoskeletal and nervous systems; the epidemiology of MSDs; evidence that musculoskeletal tissues fail via a fatigue failure process; implications in terms of MSD etiology; remodeling and healing processes; use of fatigue failure methods in risk assessment; and numerous other topics. We hope that our readers will find this book helpful in understanding the etiology of MSDs and, conversely, the importance of the fatigue failure process in the maintenance of musculoskeletal health.
Bibliography
1 Adams, M., & Hutton, W. (1985). Gradual disc prolapse. Spine, 10, 524–531.
2 Armstrong, T., Fine, L., Goldstein, S., Lifshitz, Y., & Silverstein, B. (1987). Ergonomics considerations in hand and wrist tendinitis. The Journal of Hand Surgery, 12A, 830–837.
3 Barbe, M., Gallagher, S., Massicotte, V., Tytell, M., Popoff, S., & Barr‐Gillespie, A. (2013). The interaction of force and repetition on musculoskeletal and neural tissue responses and sensorimotor behavior in a rat model of work‐related musculoskeletal disorders. BMC Musculoskskeletal Disorders, 14, 303.
4 Barr, A., Barbe, M., & Clark, B. (2004). Work‐related musculoskeletal disorders of the hand and wrist: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and sensorimotor changes. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy., 34, 610–627.
5 Brinckmann, P., Biggemann, M., & Hilweg, D. (1988). Fatigue fracture of human lumbar vertebrae. Clinical Biomechanics, 3(Suppl. 1), S1–S23.
6 Cyron, B., & Hutton, W. (1978). The fatigue strength of the lumbar neural arch in spondylolysis. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 60B, 234–238.
7 Gallagher, S., & Heberger, J. (2013). Examining the interaction of force and repetition on musculoskeletal disorder risk: A systematic literature review. Human Factors, 14, 108–124.
8 Gallagher, S., Marras, W., Litsky, A., Burr, D., Landoll, J., & Matkovic, V. (2007). A comparison of fatigue failure responses of old versus middle‐aged lumbar motion segments in simulated flexed lifting. Spine, 32, 1832–1839.
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Acknowledgments
The authors wish to acknowledge the following individuals who have aided in the process of writing this book:
First, we would like to acknowledge our spouses, Nancie and Hugh, respectively, for their support and tolerance during the development of this book. The demands of writing have unfortunately required them to put up with longish periods of our absence.
Acknowledgment is also due to the Center for Occupational Safety, Ergonomics, and Injury Prevention (COSEIP) team at Auburn University (both faculty and students), who have been integral in the development of the fatigue failure‐based risk assessment tools presented in this book. We would like to thank faculty members Dr. Richard F. Sesek, Dr. Mark C. Schall, Jr., and Dr. Jerry Davis, along with former students (notably Dr. Rong Huangfu and Dr. Dania Bani Hani) for their critical contributions to risk assessment tool development. Other former and current students have contributed to this research including Dr. Tenchi Smith, Dr. Nick Smith, Ivan Nail, Nathan Pool, Bob Sesek, and Yuting Ma.
We would also like to acknowledge the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) for the long‐standing funding provided in support of the Deep South Center for Occupational Health and Safety, along with other extramural funding. We also thank the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) and the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), which have helped advance our research in this area.
Great thanks is also due to our colleagues who have taken the time to review draft chapters of this book. In particular, we would like to thank Dr. Michael Zabala and Dr. Sa’d Hamasha (both of Auburn University) for their valuable time and assistance rendered in reviewing draft chapters in this book.
Finally, we would like to acknowledge the Wiley book team (especially Summers Scholl, Judy Howarth, Veerabaghu Nagarajan, Judit Anbu Hena Daniel, Rajalakshmi Venkatesaperumal, and Stefani Volk) for their support and patience during the development of this book. Their commitment is deeply appreciated as is their care and attention in the book’s production.
Sean Gallagher
Mary F. Barbe
About the Authors
Sean Gallagher, PhD, CPE, FAIHA, is the Hal N. and Peggy S. Pennington Professor of Industrial and Systems Engineering at Auburn University. Dr. Gallagher has over 35 years of experience in the field of ergonomics, including having worked for the US Bureau of Mines, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and Auburn University. He is a Fellow of both the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society and the American Industrial Hygiene Association. Dr. Gallagher is a two‐time recipient of the International Ergonomics Association/Liberty Mutual Medal in Occupational Safety and Ergonomics (2013 and 2018) and a recipient of the 2020 Paper of the Year Award by the journal Ergonomics. He has received various other team‐based awards, including the 2009 Alice Hamilton Award for Excellence in Occupational Safety and Health (Educational Materials Category) and the 2011 HHS Innovates Award (Secretary's Pick).
Mary F. Barbe, PhD, FAAA, is currently a Full Professor at the Center for Translational Medicine at Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University in Philadelphia. She has over 212 peer‐reviewed publications to her credit. She has been involved in research investigating mechanisms and treatments for pain and work‐related musculoskeletal disorders (repetitive strain injuries) in humans and using rat models. She is a Fellow of the American Association of Anatomists (FAAA) and of the American Society of Bone and Mineral Research. She is also the president of the Advances in Mineral Metabolism society for 2021–2023. She is the recipient of the Senior Faculty Research Excellence Award from the Lewis Katz School of Medicine in 2017, the Temple University Faculty Research Award from Temple University in 2019, the Educator Award from the Philadelphia Chapter of the Society for Neuroscience in 2008, the Christian R. and Mary F. Lindback Foundation Award from Temple University for Distinguished Teaching in 2008, and the Excellence in Teaching Award from College of Allied Health Professions in 1997 and 2007. Other awards that she has received include various team‐based awards, including The ISSLS Prize for Lumbar Spine Research 2018 from the International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine.
1 Introduction
The ability to move about freely can be easily taken for granted, but if one stops to consider the finely tuned coordination of the multiple intricate systems necessary to accomplish even simple movements, both the beauty and remarkable complexity of the musculoskeletal system can be appreciated. Movement requires careful synchronization of a complex structure made of muscle, bone, cartilage, tendon, ligament, and nerve to permit specific movement goals to be achieved. Not only is the musculoskeletal system itself complex, but it is also dependent on other complex systems to supply the resources necessary to accomplish desired movement objectives. These other supporting systems (e.g., nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal) provide nutrition and other resources required by musculoskeletal tissues that allow us to perform tasks or activities that we desire to accomplish (or which may be required of us), and