Poly(lactic acid). Группа авторов
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href="#ulink_dbb57085-4a05-5b45-a9d0-6dde75b1ecd4">15.5 PLASTIC FOAMS EXPANDED WITH PHYSICAL FOAMING AGENTS 15.6 PLA FOAMED WITH CHEMICAL FOAMING AGENTS 15.7 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLA FOAMS 15.8 FOAMING OF PLA/STARCH AND OTHER BLENDS REFERENCES 16 COMPOSITES 16.1 INTRODUCTION 16.2 PLA MATRIX 16.3 REINFORCEMENTS 16.4 NANOCOMPOSITES 16.5 SURFACE MODIFICATION 16.6 PROCESSING 16.7 PROPERTIES 16.8 APPLICATIONS 16.9 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS AND CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES 17 NANOCOMPOSITES 17.1 INTRODUCTION 17.2 NANOCLAY‐CONTAINING PLA NANOCOMPOSITES 17.3 CARBON‐NANOTUBES‐CONTAINING PLA NANOCOMPOSITES 17.4 GRAPHENE‐CONTAINING PLA NANOCOMPOSITES 17.5 NANOCELLULOSE‐CONTAINING PLA NANOCOMPOSITES 17.6 OTHER NANOPARTICLE‐CONTAINING PLA NANOCOMPOSITES 17.7 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLA‐BASED NANOCOMPOSITES 17.8 POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT REFERENCES 18 MECHANISM OF FIBER STRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN MELT SPINNING OF PLA 18.1 INTRODUCTION‐FUNDAMENTALS OF STRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN POLYMER PROCESSING 18.2 HIGH‐SPEED MELT SPINNING OF PLLAs WITH DIFFERENT D‐LACTIC ACID CONTENT 18.3 HIGH‐SPEED MELT‐SPINNING OF RACEMIC MIXTURE OF PLLA AND PDLA 18.4 BICOMPONENT MELT SPINNING OF PLLA AND PDLA 18.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES
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PART IV: DEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, AND END OF LIFE
19 PHOTODEGRADATION AND RADIATION DEGRADATION
19.1 INTRODUCTION
19.2 MECHANISMS OF PHOTODEGRADATION
19.3 MECHANISM OF RADIATION DEGRADATION
19.4 PHOTODEGRADATION OF PLA
19.5 RADIATION DEGRADATION OF PLA
19.6 IRRADIATION EFFECTS ON BIODEGRADABILITY
19.7 MODIFICATION AND COMPOSITES OF PLA
REFERENCES
20 THERMAL DEGRADATION
20.1 INTRODUCTION
20.2 THERMAL DEGRADATION BEHAVIOR OF PLLA BASED ON WEIGHT LOSS
20.3 KINETIC ANALYSIS OF THERMAL DEGRADATION
20.4 KINETIC ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX THERMAL DEGRADATION BEHAVIOR
20.5 THERMAL DEGRADATION BEHAVIOR OF PLA STEREOCOMPLEX: scPLA
20.6 CONTROL OF RACEMIZATION
20.7 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
21 HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION
21.1 INTRODUCTION
21.2 DEGRADATION MECHANISM
21.3 PARAMETERS FOR HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION
21.4 STRUCTURAL AND PROPERTY CHANGES DURING HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION
21.5 APPLICATIONS OF HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION
21.6 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
22 ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION
22.1 INTRODUCTION
22.2 ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION OF PLA FILMS
22.3 ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION OF THIN FILMS
22.4 ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION OF LAMELLAR CRYSTALS
22.5 RECENT ADVANCES IN CHARACTERIZATION OF ENZYMES THAT DEGRADE PLAs INCLUDING PDLA AND RELATED COPOLYMERS
22.6 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
REFERENCES
23 ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF POLY (LACTIC ACID)
23.1 INTRODUCTION TO LCA AND ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINTS
23.2 LIFE CYCLE CONSIDERATIONS FOR PLA
23.3 REVIEW OF BIOPOLYMER LCA STUDIES
23.4