Derecho administrativo y ciudades inteligentes. Grenfieth de J. Sierra Cadena
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dans les enjeux énergétiques globaux (infographie), op. cit.
23 See European Commission (Joint Research Centre), PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Trends in Global CO2 Emission. 2013, Report, October 2013: http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/news_docs/pbl-2013-trends-in-global-co2-emissions-2013-report-1148.pdf
24 See EDF, Le poids de l’électricité dans les enjeux énergétiques globaux (infographie), op. cit.
25 See European Commission (Joint Research Centre), PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, op. cit.
26 See United States Environmental Protection Agency, Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/global.html (accessed on March 8, 2015).
27 See Q. Aijun, Deputy-director of the Economic and Information Commission of Nanton (Jiangsu Province), in ICT insights, No. 10, September 2014, p. 29.
28 See Community of Oslo, Dynamic street lighting can cut energy use by 70 %, November 5, 2014: http://www.oslo.kommune.no/english/environment/climate_and_energy/effective_measures_/article229486-65018.html.
29 LonMark International, Open Streetlight Control System for Smarter Cities. Market, Challenges, Solutions and Next Steps. A profitable and strategic opportunity for cities, ESCOs and streetlight maintenance operators, 2014: http://http://www.lonmark.org/connection/solutions/lighting/20140227-SmartStreetlight-LONMARK-Whitepaper.pdf. See also Regjeringen, 70 % Energy Savings on Dynamic Lighting, November 25, 2009: http://www.regjeringen.no/en/sub/framtidensbyer/the-participating-cities-/oslo/70-energy-savings-on-dynamic-lighting--.html?id=575052
30 http://www.smartgrids-cre.fr/media/documents/monde/IssyGrid_DossierdepresseERDF.pdf (accessed on March 8, 2015).
31 http://www.spenergynetworks.co.uk/userfiles/file/Flyer_AshtonHayes.pdf (accessed on March 8, 2015).
32 https://www.iberdroladistribucionelectrica.com/webibd/corporativa/iberdrola?IDPAG=ENSOCDISREDPRI (accessed on March 8, 2015).
33 For more examples about smart grids projects in France, in Europe or elsewhere, see: http://www.smartgrids-cre.fr/index.php?p=france (accessed on March 8, 2015).
34 Community of Oslo, Public transport to be climate-neutral by 2020, October 25, 2013: http://www.oslo.kommune.no/english/environment/climate_and_energy/effective_measures_/article229439-65018.html.
35 See J. Berst, Patching up the Pipes: How Smart Technologies Help Cities Prevent Leaks and Save Money: http://www.waterworld.com/articles/print/volume-30/issue-7/editorial-features/patching-up-the-pipes-how-smart-technologies-help-cities-prevent-leaks-and-save-money.html (accessed on March 8, 2015).
36 See Water loss and other information: http://www.corrosion-club.com/waterfigures.htm (accessed on March 8, 2015).
37 See A. Asín, M. Boyd, Smart Water: pipe control to reduce water leakages in Smart Cities, August 3rd, 2011: http://www.libelium.com/smart_water_wsn_pipe_leakages/
38 See Peter Bjorn Larsen, Business Development Manager at the City of Copenhagen, in ICT insights, No. 10, September 2014, p. 28.
39 For further details about Linky, see below.
40 City of Oslo, Towards the Zero-Emission City, October 28, 2013: http://www.oslo.kommune.no/english/environment/climate_and_energy/effective_measures_/article263581-65018.html.
41 Green Digital Charter, op. cit.
42 A. Gurría, OECD Secretary-General, “New sources of growth in the 21st century. Fostering innovation and green growth” in OECD, Better policies for better lives. The OECD at 50 and beyond, 2011.
43 For instance, see Commission de régulation de l’énergie (CRE), Deliberation of July 7, 2011 on the electric meter called Linky; S. Leblal, “Big data : EDF évalue la solution UDA de Teradata pour ses compteurs Linky”, Le Monde Informatique, 8 avril 2014 : http://www.lemondeinformatique.fr/actualites/lire-big-data-edf-evalue-la-solution-uda-de-teradata-pour-ses-compteurs-linky-57117.html.
44 See S. Leblal, art. cit.
45 La vie des réseaux, ERDF choisit les solutions Teradata pour Linky, 24 octobre 2013 : http://www.laviedesreseaux.fr/Informez-vous/Actualite/ERDF-choisit-les-solutions-Teradata-pour-Linky
46 For further information, see for instance S. Leblal, art. cit.
María Paula Ángel Arango*
Introducción
La revolución de las nuevas tecnologías ha desembocado en lo que hoy se conoce como la era de la información y el conocimiento. Y los Estados no se han quedado al margen de dicha revolución. Así, la tendencia mundial ha sido la de implementar políticas públicas y programas encaminados a adoptar las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones —TIC— en el gobierno. Lo anterior, buscando generar capacidad para gobernar a través de redes (Goldsmith y Eggers, 2004) y para estar en consonancia con la sociedad ubicua (Botero y Cardozo, 2010) y el Estado relacional (Mendoza y Vernis, 2009) o red (Castells, 1998).
Tal y como lo señalan Townsend y Lorimer, “[d]igital technologies are playing an important role in significant changes in the way that government institutions conduct their business and connect with their citizens. And expanded use of information technology (IT) in city government has been a key enabler of new processes of governance” (2015, p. 3). Sin embargo, a pesar de que todas estas políticas públicas han girado en torno a la implementación y uso de las nuevas tecnologías para mejorar el gobierno, no todos los procesos de gobernanza generados han sido iguales.
Con la revolución tecnológica inicial asistimos a la introducción de políticas públicas tales como la administración