Евреи и христиане в православных обществах Восточной Европы. Коллектив авторов
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H.Ε. The Jew as Ally of the Muslim: Medieval Roots of Anti-Semitism. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986.
19
Chevalier Y. L'antisémitisme. Le Juif comme bouc émissaire. Paris, 1988.
20
Langmuir G.I. History, religion and anti-Semitism. Berkeley, 1990; Idem. Toward a definition of antisemitism. Berkeley, 1990.
21
См.: Parkes J. The Conflict of the Church and the Synagogue: A Study in the Origins of Anti-Semitism. Philadelphia, 1961; Williams A.L. Ad-versus Judaeos. Cambridge, 1935.
22
См.: De Lange N.R. Jews and Christians in the Byzantine Empire: Problems and Prospects // Christianity and Judaism / Ed. by D. Wood. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1992. P. 17.
23
См.: Starr J. The Jews in the Byzantine Empire, 641-1204. Athens, 1939; Sharf A. Byzantine Jewry: from Justinian to the Fourth Crusade. New-York, 1971; Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews. Second edition. Vol. XVII. Byzantines, Mamelukes, and Maghribians. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980; Bowman S.B. The Jews of Byzantium, 1204–1453. Alabama, 1985; Kiilzer A. Disputationes graecae contra Iuda-eos. Untersuchungen zur byzantinishen antijüdischen Dialogliteratur und ihrem Judenbild. Stuttgart; Leipzig, 1999; Congourdeau M.-H. Le Judaïsme, coeur de l'identité Byzantine // Les Chrétiens et les Juifs dans les sociétés de rites grec et latin. Approche comparative. Actes du colloque organisé les 14–15 juin 1999 à la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (Paris) / Textes réunis par M. Dmitriev, D. Tollet et E. Teiro. Paris: Honoré Champion Editeur, 2003. P. 18–27; Ivanov S.A. L'attitude à l'égard des Juifs à Byzance était-elle moins intolérante qu'en Occident? // Les Chrétiens et les Juifs dans les sociétés de rites grec et latin. Approche comparative. Actes du colloque organisé les 14–15 juin 1999 à la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (Paris) / Textes réunis par M. Dmitriev, D. Tollet et E. Teiro. Paris: Honoré Champion Editeur, 2003. P. 29–42.
24
Недавнее русское издание: Книга странствий раби Вениамина / Пер. П.В. Марголина // Три еврейских путешественника. Москва; Иерусалим: Гешарим, 2004 (переиздание переводов, осуществленных и изданных П.В. Марголиным в 1881 г. в Петербурге).
25
См.: SharfA. Byzantine Jewry: from Justinian to the Fourth Crusade. New York, 1971.
26
Ibidem. Р. 14.
27
Ibidem. Р. 17.
28
См.: Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews. Second edition. New York: Columbia University Press, 1957 Vol. III. Heirs of Rome and Persia. P. 15–22.
29
Ibidem. P. 23.
30
См.: Dagron G., Déroche V. Juifs et chrétiens dans l'Orient du VIF siècle // Travaux et mémoires du Centre de recherche d'histoire et civilisation de Byzance. Paris, 1991. Vol. 11. P. 7–46.
31
Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews… Vol. III. P. 175.
32
Ibid. P. 176–177.
33
Sharf A. Byzantine Jews… P. 67
34
Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews… Vol. III. P. 179 («were tempted to cut the Gordian knot by putting a violent end to the Jewish communities of their Empire»).
35
SharfA. Byzantine Jewry… P. 91–92 («the general social position of the Jews had not changed»).
36
De Lange N. Jews and Christians in the Byzantine Empire… P. 23 («a remarkable revival began, with considerable Jewish immigration and a renewal of cultural life. It would be wrong to over-emphasize the negative aspect of the treatment of the Jews by the Byzantine state. There was a positive side as well: the moments of persecution were exceptional, and in general the law offered the Jews, individually and communally its protection and a certain stability. Indeed, the Jews were generally treated no worse, and often better, than other non-Orthodox subjects»).
37
SharfA. Byzantine Jewry… P. 118 («the return of that peculiar relationship between Jews and non-Jews which marked-off Byzantine Jews from those living under western Christian regimes»).
38
«And yet the effect of all the legislation was undoubtedly to give tham the status and the consciousness of second-class citizens» (De Lange Ν. Jews and Christians in the Byzantine Empire… P. 23).
39
См.: Bowman S.B., Cutler A. Anti-Semitism // The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Vol. 1. Oxford, 1991. P. 122.
40
Bowman S.B. The Jews of Byzantium…
41
Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980. Vol. XVII. Byzantines, Mamelukes and Maghribians.
42
См.: Ibidem. Р. 41 («The old discriminatory and segregationist laws, summarized in the codes of the earlier Middle Ages to be sure, still retained their formal force, although we have little evidence of their practical appication»).
43
Bowman S.B. The lews of Byzantium… P. 39 («The condition of the lew was constantly improving»). Он продолжает: «In Byzantium proper, the economic position of Jews changed markedly for the better under the sponsirship of the imperial government; their influence perharps reached the high levels of government circles, and various officials were accused of succumbing to their power»).
44
Bowman S.B., Cutler A. Anti-Semitism… P. 122–123.
45
Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews… Vol. XVII. P. 43.
46
См.: De Lange N. Jews and Christians in the Byzantine Empire… P. 24 («It is clear that with the Latin conquest of 1204, Western attitudes to the Jews were introduced into Byzantium by Western Christians, and some of them survived the restoration of a Greek state, co-existing with older Greek attitudes»).
47
Baron