Экономика. Конспект лекций. Игорь Липсиц

Читать онлайн книгу.
В начало151617181920

Экономика. Конспект лекций - Игорь Липсиц

Экономика. Конспект лекций - Игорь Липсиц

Скачать книгу
телефона, с платежного терминала, в салоне МТС или Связной, через PayPal, WebMoney, Яндекс.Деньги, QIWI Кошелек, бонусными картами или другим удобным Вам способом.

      Примечания

      1

      URL: www.yabloko.ru/Publ/2008/2008_11/081120_aleksandrov.html.

      2

      Точнее, –1,6, так как числитель в данном случае будет числом положительным, а знаменатель – отрицательным (ведь речь идет о снижении цены на 5 %). Но для удобства принято записывать величины коэффициентов эластичности без указания их знака.

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
Скачать книгу
В начало151617181920