Империя хлопка. Всемирная история. Свен Беккерт
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в 1860 г. (1 140 599 712 фунтов) делилось на урожайность хлопка с одного акра в 1840 г. в США (181 фунт). И потребление хлопка в 1860 г. делилось на урожайность на одного работника в 1840 г. в США (1089 фунтов) См. также: Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000), 276, 315; Кеннет Померанц, Великое расхождение. Китай, Европа и создание современной мировой экономики (Москва: Издательский дом “Дело” РАНХиГС, 2017), 463, 518. Edwards, The Growth of the British Cotton Trade, 75. Сопротивление изменениям в европейской сельскохозяйственной системе также подчеркивается Philip McMichael, “Slavery in Capitalism: The Rise and Demise of the U.S. Ante-Bellum Cotton Culture,” Theory and Society 20 (June 1991): 326. Рассуждение о «великом расхождении» см. также: David Landes, The Unbound Prometheus: Technical Change and Industrial Development in Western Europefrom 1750 to the Present, 2nd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003); David Landes, The Wealth and Poverty ofNations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor (New York: Norton, 1998); Niall Ferguson, Civilization: The West and the Rest (New York: Penguin Press, 2011); Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: Norton & Cº, 1998); Джаред Даймонд, Ружья, микробы и сталь. Судьбы человеческих обществ (Москва: АСТ, 2009). Общий обзор см.: в: Inikori, Africans, chapter 2.
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Это также рассматривается в отношении Вест-Индии в Ragatz, Statistics, 10, 370. О важности сахара в качестве конкурента хлопку см.: Imperial Department of Agriculture for the West Indies, Information Relating to Cotton Cultivation in the West Indies (Barbados: Commissioner of Agriculture for the West Indies, 1903). Edwards, The Growth of the British Cotton Trade, 79, 250. Luiz Cordelio Barbosa, “Cotton in 19th Century Brazil: Dependency and Development,” (PhD dissertation, University of Washington, 1989), 170; James Mann, The Cotton Trade of Great Britain (London: Simpkin, Marshall & Cº, 1860), 79, 80. 86; DB 176, Sandbach, Tinne & Cº Papers, Merseyside Maritime Museum, Liverpool.
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Edensor, An Address to the Spinners and Manufacturers of Cotton Wool, 14, 21–3; Franklin, The Present State ofHayti (St. Domingo), with Remarks on Its Agriculture, Commerce, Laws, Religion, Finances, and Population, etc. (London: J. Murray, 1828), 123; Pennsylvania Gazette, June 13, 1792.
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John Tarleton to Clayton Tarleton, September 27, 1792, letter 33, February 4, 1795, letter 75, 4, 920 TAR, Tarleton Papers, Liverpool Records Office, Liverpool. См., например: Orhan Kurmus, “The Cotton Famine and Its Effects on the Ottoman Empire,” Huri Islamoglu-Inan, ed., The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 16; Brian R. Mitchell, Abstract of British Historical Statistics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962), 490. О росте цен см. также: Stanley Dumbell, “Early Liverpool Cotton Imports and the Organisation of the Cotton Market in the Eighteenth Century,” Economic Journal 33 (September 1923): 370; Emily A. Rathbone, ed., Records of the Rathbone Family (Edinburgh: R. & R. Clark, 1913), 47; Edwards, The Growth of the British Cotton Trade, 88.
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Tench Coxe, A Memoir of February, 1817, Upon the Subject of the Cotton Wool Cultivation, the Cotton Trade and the Cotton Manufactories of the United States ofAmerica (Philadelphia: n. p., 1817), 3.
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Petition, To the Right Honorable the Lords of His Majesty’s Privy Council for Trade and Foreign Plantations, December 8, 1785, in Board of Trade, Public Record Office, London. Другие источники говорят о похожем случае в 1784 г. См., например: Morris R. Chew, History of the Kingdom of Cotton and Cotton Statistics of the World (New Orleans: W. B. Stansbury & Cº, 1884), 37.
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См., например, Ernst von Halle, Baumwollproduktion und Pflanzungswirtschaft in den Nordamerikanischen Sudstaaten, part 1, Die Sklavenzeit (Leipzig: Verlag von Duncker & Humblot, 1897), 16–17; Jay Treaty, Article XII; Thomas Ellison, The Cotton Trade of Great Britain (London: Effingham Wilson, Royal Exchange, 1886), 85; Chew, History of the Kingdom of Cotton, 45.
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Gavin Wright, The Political Economy of the Cotton South: Households, Markets, and Wealth in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Norton, 1978), 14; Chew, History of the Kingdom of Cotton, 39; George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, February 13, 1789, reproduced in Jared Sparks, The Writings of George Washington vol. 9 (Boston: Russell, Odiorne, and Metcalf & Hilliard, Gray, and Co., 1835), 470; Tench Coxe, A Memoir of February 1817, Upon the Subject of the Cotton Wool Cultivation, the Cotton Trade, and the Cotton Manufactories of the United States of America (Philadelphia: Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of American Manufactures, 1817), 2; о Коксе в общем см.: James A. B. Scherer, Cotton as a World Power: A Study in the Economic Interpretation ofHistory (New York: F. A. Stokes Co., 1916), 122–23; Tench Coxe, View of the United States ofAmerica (Philadelphia: William Hall, 1794), 20; Michael M. Edwards, The Growth of the British Cotton Trade, 1780–1815 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1967), 87; Tench Coxe to Robert Livingston, June 10, 1802, in Papers of Tench Coxe, Correspondence and General Papers, June 1802, Film A 201, reel 74, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
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“Cotton. Cultivation, manufacture, and foreign trade of. Letter from the Secretary of the Treasury,” March 4, 1836 (Washington, DC: Blair & Rives, 1836), 8, http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011 159 609.
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Joyce Chaplin, “Creating a Cotton South in Georgia and South Carolina, 1760–1815,” Journal ofSouthern History 57 (May 1991): 178; Lewis Cecil Gray, History ofAgriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, vol. 2 (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1933), 673; Chew, History of the Kingdom of Cotton, 36, 41; о производстве хлопка и хлопковой ткани в домохозяйствах см. также: Scherer, Cotton as a World Power, 124–25; Ralph Izard to Henry Laurens, Bath, December 20, 1775, как reproduced in Correspondence ofMr. Ralph Izard ofSouth Carolina, From the Year 1774 to 1804; With a Short Memoir (New York: Charles S. Francis & Cº, 1844), 174, см. также: 16, 82, 246, 296, 300, 370, 386, 390.
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John Hebron Moore, The Emergence of the Cotton Kingdom in the Old Southwest: Mississippi, 1770–1860 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 77; Chaplin, “Creating a Cotton South,” 177, 188, 193.