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105 States of the Nipoti in Romagna 107 Cardinals belonging to princely houses 107 Innocent VIII. and his son 108 Alexander VI. as a Spaniard 109 Relations with foreign countries 110 Simony 111 Cæsar Borgia and his relations to his father 111 Cæsar’s plans and acts 112 Julius II. as Saviour of the Papacy 117 Leo X. His relations with other States 120 Adrian VI. 121 Clement VII. and the sack of Rome 122 Reaction consequent on the latter 123 The Papacy of the Counter-Reformation 124 Conclusion. The Italian patriots 125 PART II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDIVIDUAL. CHAPTER I. THE ITALIAN STATE AND THE INDIVIDUAL. The mediæval man 129 The awakening of personality 129 The despot and his subjects 130 Individualism in the Republics 131 Exile and cosmopolitanism 132 CHAPTER II. THE PERFECTING OF THE INDIVIDUAL. The many-sided men 134 The universal men 136 CHAPTER III. THE MODERN IDEA OF FAME. Dante’s feeling about fame 139 The celebrity of the Humanists: Petrarch 141 Cultus of birthplace and graves 142 Cultus of the famous men of antiquity 143 Literature of local fame: Padua 143 Literature of universal fame 146 Fame given or refused by the writers 150 Morbid passion for fame 152 CHAPTER IV. MODERN WIT AND SATIRE. Its connection with individualism 154 Florentine wit: the novel 155 Jesters and buffoons 156 Leo X. and his witticisms 157

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