Cambridge Papers. W. W. Rouse Ball
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legal formalities connected with the surrender of the properties of King’s Hall and Michael-House took a considerable time, and were not completed till 17 December 1546. The letters patent founding the College and the charter of dotation were signed a few days later15. The actual endowment granted was valued at £1640 net a year, [23] which must have been deemed ample to provide for the expenses and the maintenance of the House. Comparing this income and the estimated expenditure with those of King’s Hall and Michael-House we gather how much more important than these colleges was the contemplated new foundation.
Thus were King’s Hall and Michael-House dissolved, but only to be merged in a new and nobler Society. The letters patent founding Trinity College state that Henry to the glory and honour of Almighty God and the Holy and Undivided Trinity, for the amplification and establishment of the Christian and true religion, the extirpation of heresy and false opinion, the increase and continuance of divine learning and all kinds of godliness, the knowledge of language, the education of youth in piety virtue discipline and learning, the relief of the poor and destitute, the prosperity of the Church of Christ, and the common good and happiness of his kingdom and subjects, founded and established a College of letters, sciences, philosophy; godliness, and sacred theology, for all time to endure. These are noble objects, and we may look back with honourable pride to the way in which Trinity College has on the whole carried out the intentions of its founder.
The organization of the new College followed closely that outlined in the Distribucio. To meet [24] the expenses already incurred during the Michaelmas term the Court of Augmentations16 in January 1547 paid Redman £590 “towards the exhibition of King’s Scholars in Cambridge.” This was about one-third of the total intended income of the House, and presumably cleared matters up to 24 December 1546, when the College entered into possession of its endowments. If we may trust the sermon preached in London on 12 December 1550, by Thomas Lever, subsequently master of St. John’s College, Trinity had reason to regret the death of Henry in January 1547, for the preacher asserted that a substantial part of the intended endowment was appropriated by courtiers in London; I have never investigated what part (if any) of it was thus lost to the College.
The first account-book of the new College covers the civil year 1547, but only certain selected items of income and expenditure appear therein. It shows total receipts of £786. 16s. 7d. and total payments of £799. 11s. 1½d. Most of the income is said to have come from the “Tower.” I conjecture that rents, etc. were paid to the master who kept the college moneys in the treasury in the Tower, and the bursar in his book accounted only for such portion of it as was handed to him: of other sums [25] received or paid on account of the Society, we have no particulars. In most cases the commons (though not the stipends or wages) paid to officers are set out, but up to Lady-Day instead of giving full details there is an entry of £52. 6s. 10d. paid to fellows and scholars for “the first quarter after the erection, besides stipends and wages.” The account-book for the next year, 1548, is better kept. It shows total receipts of £531. 13s. 11½d. and total payments of £528. 12s. 8½d. In the accounts of this year are mentioned a master, fifty graduate fellows (of whom thirteen were bachelors), ten dialectici, forty-two grammarians, and eight bible-clerks. Entries appear of payments for commons to six former members of King’s Hall and Michael-House, but of these only three seem to have been in regular residence. An examination of the early account-books allows us to see something of the development of the College, but a description of this would hardly come within the purview of this paper.
1 Cambridge Documents issued by the Royal Commissioners, London, 1852, vol. III, pp. 365–410.
2 This was true some years ago when this paper was written, but since then I have given part of the story in a booklet on the King’s Scholars and King’s Hall which, at the request of the College, I wrote in 1917 for the meeting held to celebrate the six-hundredth anniversary of the execution by Edward II of the writ establishing those scholars in the University of Cambridge.
3 37 Henry VIII, cap. 4.
4 Correspondence of M. Parker, Cambridge, 1852, p. 34.
5 Life of T. Smith by J. Strype, Oxford, 1820, pp. 29–30.
6 State Papers, Domestic, 1546, vol. XXI, part i, no. 68. See also J. Lamb’s Documents, London, 1838, pp. 58–59; Correspondence of M. Parker, Cambridge, 1852, p. 34.
7 State Papers, Domestic, 1546, part i, nos. 203, 204.
8 Ecclesiastical Memorials by J. Strype, Oxford, 1882, vol. XI, part i, pp. 207–208; Correspondence of M. Parker, p. 36.
9 Cambridge Documents, vol. I, pp. 105–294.
10 Correspondence of M. Parker, pp. 35–36; J. Lamb’s Documents, p. 59.
11 State Papers, Domestic, Edward VI, May 1549.
12 Senior undergraduates were then commonly termed dialectici.
13 State Papers, Domestic, 1546, no. 647 (25).
14 Three fellow-commoners had matriculated from King’s Hall in 1544.
15 The charter of foundation, dated 19 December, and that of endowment, dated 24 December, are printed at length in the Cambridge Documents, vol. III, pp. 365–410.
16 C. H. Cooper, Annals of Cambridge, Cambridge, 1842, vol. I, p. 452.
[26] CHAPTER II. THE TUTORIAL SYSTEM.
The word Tutor is used at Cambridge to describe an officer of a College who stands to his pupils in loco parentis; now-a-days he may, but does not necessarily, give direct instruction to them. The object of this chapter is to describe the development of the office in Trinity College.
Trinity College was founded in 1546 by Henry VIII. It is, however, essential in dealing with its early history to bear in mind that it was founded in a pre-existing17 University having well-established rules and customs. Nearly all the original members of Trinity had been educated at Cambridge, they were familiar with its traditions, and even the buildings they occupied were associated with the college life of earlier times. It was intended that the Society should promote the reformed religion and the new learning, but there is no reason to suppose that in establishing it, it was wished or proposed to alter the existing practice about the tuition, guidance, and care of the younger students.
In the system in force in the University shortly [27] before the foundation of Trinity, the students corresponding to our scholars and sizars lived in endowed colleges (of which eight were founded before 1353 and seven between 1440 and 1520), most of those corresponding to our pensioners in unendowed private hostels (of which in the sixteenth century there were twenty-seven and in earlier times possibly a few more), and most of those belonging to religious orders in monasteries or monastic hostels. A student on admission to the University was apprenticed to some master of arts or doctor who directed the lad’s studies until he took a master’s degree. This graduate was known as the student’s “master”: in the case of a member of a college we may assume that the master was chosen from among the senior members of the House, though it is doubtful if this was necessarily so in the case of the hostels. The head of a college or hostel was responsible for the conduct and control of the lad in non-scholastic matters, but in colleges in later times this work was assigned to a dean. Thus for practical purposes a tutorial system already existed in the medieval system of apprenticeship and control.
The royal scheme for Trinity College