A Short History of English Agriculture. W. H. R. Curtler
Читать онлайн книгу.
in England, p. 257.
[3] Maitland, Domesday Book and Beyond, pp. 341 et seq.
[4] Stubbs, Constitutional History, §36.
[5] Vinogradoff, English Society in the Eleventh Century, p. 282, says, 'As a rule it was not subject to redivision.'
[6] Cunningham, Growth of English Industry and Commerce, i. 42.
[7] Maitland, op. cit. p. 368.
[8] Anonymous Treatise on Husbandry, Royal Historical Society, pp. xli. and 68. About 1230, Smyth, in his Lives of the Berkeleys, i. 113, says, 'At this time lay all lands in common fields, in one acre or ridge, one man's intermixt with another.'
[9] See below.
[10] Cunningham, Growth of English Industry and Commerce, i. 74. Maitland thinks the two-field system was as common as the three-field, both in early and mediaeval times. Domesday Book and Beyond, p. 366.
[11] Nasse, Agricultural Community of the Middle Ages, p. 5. To-day harvest generally commences about August 1, so that this, like the growth of grapes in mediaeval times, seems to show our climate has grown colder.
[12] Vinogradoff, English Society in the Eleventh Century, p. 264.
[13] Maitland, op. cit. p. 17.
[14] Vinogradoff, English Society in the Eleventh Century, p. 265.
[15] Maitland, op. cit. pp. 318 et seq.
[16] Vinogradoff, English Society in the Eleventh Century, p. 345.
[17] Vinogradoff, English Society in the Eleventh Century, p. 339.
[18] Maitland, Domesday Book, p. 110
[19] Vinogradoff, op. cit. p. 395.
[20] Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, pp. 225 et seq.
[21] Maitland, op. cit. p. 23.
[22] Vinogradoff, op. cit. p. 433.
[23] In Domesday they number 108,500. Maitland, Domesday Book.
[24] Maitland, op. cit..
[25] Vinogradoff, English Society in the Eleventh Century, p. 300.
[26] Domesday of S. Paul, p. lxviii.
[27] Maitland, Domesday Book, p. 56.
[28] Cunningham, Growth of English Industry and Commerce, i. 166. In some manors free tenants could sell their lands without the lord's licence, in others not.
[29] Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, p. 279.
[30] Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, p. 285.
[31] Ibid. p. 246; and English Society in the Eleventh Century, p. 448. At the end of the eighteenth century, in default of sons, lands in some manors in Shropshire descended to the youngest daughter.—Bishton, General View of the Agriculture of Shropshire, p. 178.
[32] Vinogradoff, English Society in the Eleventh Century, p. 456.
[33] Maitland, Domesday Book, p. 40.
[34] Ibid.
[35] Maitland, Domesday Book, p. 35.
[36] Fleta, c. 73.
[37] Domesday of S. Paul, xxxv. Fleta, 'an anonymous work drawn up in the thirteenth century to assist landowners in managing their estates' says, the reeve 'shall rise early, and have the ploughs yoked, and then walk in the fields to see that all is right and note if the men be idle, or if they knock off work before the day's task is fully done.'
[38] Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, p. 321.
[39] Ibid. p. 324.
[40] Manor of Manydown, Hampshire Record Society, p. 17. Breaking the assize of beer meant selling it without a licence, or of bad quality. The village pound was the consequence of the perpetual straying of animals, and later on the vicar sometimes kept it. See ibid. p. 104.
[41] Cunningham, Growth of English Industry and Commerce, i. 106.
[42] Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, p. 264.
[43] Andrews, Old English Manor, p. 111.
[44] Domesday of S. Paul, p. xxxvii.