FIGURE 2.3. Creating ten points in the unit square.

      Now right-click on the N input of the second Range component and change its value to 15. The result is shown in Figure 2.4. As before, the first numbers coming in to the X and Y inputs are used to create a point, then the second numbers, etc. However, we run out of values of X before running out of Y values. To deal with this Grasshopper will simply repeat the last X input and match it to the rest of the Y inputs.

      To create a grid of points, right-click on the output of the second Range component, and select “Graft.” This changes the output from a single list of 16 numbers to 16 lists, each with a single number. The fact that the output is a list of lists is now indicated visually by a wire that is a dashed double line (see Figure 2.5). Now the Construct Point component sees 16 lists coming in to the Y input and a single list coming in to the X input. As in the previous example, since these numbers are different it will replicate the data coming in to the X input as many times as it needs to in order to match it to each thing coming in to the Y input. Thus, the X list will be matched to everything in the first Y list (a single number), and then again to everything in the second Y list (another number), etc. The result will be an 11-by-16 grid of points, as shown in Figure 2.5.

FIGURE 2.4. Illustrating the effect of different sizes of input lists.

      To make the result a little more interesting, connect the outputs of the Range component to the x and y inputs of an Expression component (Math tab, Script panel). Then, double-click on the Expression component and type “x^{^} 2-y^{^} 2.” Finally, connect its output to the Z input of the Construct Point component, as in Figure 2.6. The result is a grid of points on the graph of the equation z = x² — y².

FIGURE 2.5. Creating a grid of points in the unit square.

FIGURE 2.6. Creating a grid of points on the graph of x² — y².

      As a final step, connect the output of the Construct Point component to the “P” input of a Surface From Points component (Surface tab, Freeform panel). This component expects a list of points, rather than a list of lists. To change the input data structure back to a single list, right-click on the “P” input and select “Flatten.” Finally, set the “U” input to 16, indicating that the surface to be created will come from rows of 16 points. As in Figure 2.7, you should now see the graph of the surface z = x² — y² in the perspective viewport.

FIGURE 2.7. Creating the graph of the equation z = x² — y².

A Useful Trick: Flipping Data Trees

      In the previous section we saw how to create a grid of points by grafting one list of numbers onto another, creating a list of lists (i.e. a data tree) of points. In Figure 2.8 we pass such a data tree to an Interpolate component (Curve tab, Spline panel). This component creates a NURBS curve through the points of a list that is given to its V input. When a list of lists is fed to the V input, the component will create a list of curves. The first curve is determined by the first list of points, the second curve by the second list, etc.

FIGURE 2.8. Interpolated lines through a list of lists of points.

      Sometimes a data tree is not organized correctly. In some cases you will want to restructure the data into a new list of lists where the first list consists of the first elements of the original data tree, the second list comes from all the second elements, etc. This can be accomplished with the Flip Matrix component (Set tab, Tree panel). The effect is shown in Figure 2.9.

FIGURE 2.9. A simple example showing the effect of flipping the data tree.

      We use this idea to create an interesting family of curves on a torus. Consider the script of Figure 2.10. The script begins with a simple Circle component (Curve tab, Primitive panel). Here the R (Radius) input has been set to the value 2. Next, we pass to a Perp Frames component (Curve tab, Division panel) to create a list of 10 planes perpendicular to the original circle (more on this component in Chapter 4). These planes are then given to another Circle component, creating 10 smaller circles or radius one, with one circle in each plane. Each of these circles is sent to a Divide Curve component (Curve tab, Division panel), which creates a list of 10 points on each curve. At this point we have 10 lists of 10 points. The first list is comprised of the points on the first circle, the second list are the points on the second circle, etc.

FIGURE 2.10. A more interesting example using the Flip component.

      If we were to send this data tree directly to an Interpolate component the result would be the same 10 circles of radius one. To create the more interesting set of curves shown in the figure, we first use the Flip Matrix component before passing the data tree to the Interpolate component.

3

       Adding More Interactivity

Dials and Sliders

      In previous chapters we saw how to make your Grasshopper scripts interactive by

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