José Martí Reader. Jose Marti
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A sincere man am I
X. El alma trémula y sola /
My soul tremulous and lonely
XXIII. Yo quiero salir del mundo /
From this world I will depart
XXXIX. Cultivo una rosa blanca /
I have a white rose to tend
XLV. Sueño con claustros de mármol /
I dream of marble cloisters
XLVI. Vierte, corazón, tu pena /
Your sorrows, my heart, you should hide
ENDNOTES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Preface
Why publish a new collection of the writings, letters and verse of José Martí more than 100 years after his death in the Cuban War of Independence?
“Martí was the guide of his time but also stands as the anticipator of ours,” wrote Cuban revolutionary leader Carlos Rafael Rodríguez. Martí was an outstanding teacher, journalist, poet and revolutionary of his time, able to interweave the threads of Latin American culture and history. In his brilliant writings and impassioned speeches, he was able to capture and ignite the spirit of the Americas.
Committed to the task of completing “the poem of 1810” — the independence of Latin America from Spanish rule — Martí also saw a specter haunting the continent: the North American “monster.” He feared that the growing economic dominance of the United States would soon lead to political domination. He insisted that “Cuba must be free of the United States, as well as Spain.”
“I have lived inside the monster and I know its entrails,” Martí wrote to his old friend Manuel Mercado, the day before his death fighting for Cuba’s independence in 1895.
A fierce Cuban patriot, Martí also felt himself to be a citizen of all nations, as expressed in the first poem in Simple Verses which has become known as the words of Cuba’s most popular song: “Guantánamera,”
I am a traveler to all parts,
And a newcomer to none.
It could be said that this sense of Cuba’s place in the world and its spirit of international solidarity, evident in Martí, has also been a feature of revolutionary Cuba in the 20th century.
The 1959 Cuban revolution took place in a very different world from Martí’s, yet Fidel Castro always insisted on the continuity of the Cuban struggle for sovereignty from the first declaration of independence at Yara, October 10, 1868. A reading of Martí sheds much light on the roots and ideology of the Cuban revolution of 1959, as well as the political and moral inspiration guiding Fidel Castro and the other young Cubans who, calling themselves the Centennial Youth, launched the bold attack on the Moncada Barracks on July 26, 1953, the year of the 100th anniversary of Martí’s birth. This was no whim or artifice.
In particular, Martí’s writings make clear that the tumultuous US-Cuba relationship cannot be explained simply as a Cold War construct, but has a much longer and more complex history.
Martí’s vision went beyond simply an independent Cuban republic to encompass a “fundamental transformation of Cuban society,” which meant “a radical restructuring of the economic, social and political spheres, based not on ideology but on a moral transformation of what can be termed the human dimension of patria [homeland].”1 Martí himself observed: “It is a case of changing a nation’s soul, their entire way of thinking and acting, and not just their external clothes.”
It has been said that the complexity of Martí’s thought can mean many things to many people. Yet there are obvious, constant ideas running through all his writings: his egalitarian spirit, his profound belief in the human dignity of all peoples, his sincere rejection of racism, his absolute humility and denial of self, and his deep commitment to “the poor of the earth” with whom he wished to “throw [his] luck.”
Above all, Martí’s pleas on behalf of the peoples of Latin America, in this age of globalization and new forms of colonization, give his voice a remarkably modern resonance and an obvious relevance to the political and philosophical debates of the 21st century.
On the 100th anniversary of Martí’s death, Fidel Castro summed up the man who has often been referred to as the “Apostle”: “Martí was a universal man with extraordinary ideas.”
Martí’s complex literary style is difficult to translate satisfactorily into English. As one biographer remarked, “the romantic exuberance of his prose seems rather heady to readers brought up in a more sober tradition.”2 The publishers wish to acknowledge the valiant efforts of the team of translators who worked on this project.
The collaboration of both the Centro de Estudios Martianos and Editorial José Martí in Havana was essential to the initiation and completion of this new selection of Martí’s writings. Our thanks also to Iván Pérez Carrión, José Amieva Dalboys, Jorge Fernández Paz and Jim Shnookal; to Elinor Randall, Mary Todd, Manuel Tellechea and Carmen González Díaz de Villegas for their translations; and Ivan Schulman for his introduction.
Finally, my coeditor Mirta Muñiz must be acknowledged for the considerable amount of work she did in order to bring this project to fruition.
Deborah Shnookal
Chronology of events in José Martí’s life
1853
January 28: José Julián Martí y Pérez is born in Havana. His parents, Mariano Martí and Leonor Pérez, were Spaniards; his father came from Valencia, and his mother, from the Canary Islands.
1865
Martí begins studying at the Havana Municipal Boys School with Rafael María de Mendive, a teacher who greatly influences his sense of patriotism.
1868
October 10: The Ten Years War begins against the Spanish colonial rule in Cuba.
1869
January 19: Martí has his first political essay published in the single-edition El Diablo Cojuelo (The Crippled Devil), followed shortly by his own newspaper La Patria Libre (Free Homeland), which made only one appearance, publishing his dramatic poem “Abdala.”
October 21: Martí is arrested and sent to the National Prison, accused of treason. A few days earlier, a group of Spanish Volunteer troops had searched the house of a friend (Fermín Valdés Domínguez) and had found a compromising letter, accusing a former fellow student for “apostasy” for enlisting in the Spanish armed forces. The letter was signed by Martí and Valdés Domínguez, who is subsequently imprisoned for six months.
1870
March 4: Martí is condemned to six years’ hard labor and sent to work in a prison quarry.
August—December: His parents manage to get his sentence commuted to exile — which he began on the Isle of Pines — and then obtain permission for him to live in Spain.
1871
February: Martí arrives in Madrid, after spending a few days in Cádiz. He publishes his short work, “El presidio político en Cuba” (“Political Prison in Cuba”).
May 31: He enrolls in several courses at Madrid’s Central University.
November 27: Eight medical students in Havana are shot for protesting against Spanish colonial rule. This has a profound effect on Martí’s view