Jeshua, Son of Mary. H. D. Kreilkamp
Читать онлайн книгу.
the river Jordan (1:10).
Twenty centuries later the stories of Jeshua as told by Mark, the things Jeshua did out of compassion for people—the poor, homeless, jobless, and those alienated from society for whatever reasons, be they ethnic, sexual, or simply from misfortune—still ring true. Jeshua’s message to his disciples and to everyone lives on: “I came so that they may have life and have it more abundantly”(John 10:10). These words are those of the author of the Fourth Gospel, and they are a promise of a fuller human life for all of us. Yes, the words and works of Jeshua are still good news for all humanity. It should come as no surprise that the message of John 10:10 stands out in everything Jeshua did or said in the gospel ascribed to Mark.
Derived from the Hebrew, Jeshua means “God saves [us]!” The name Jeshua is very little understood that way today. It was the name given to him at his birth and by which he was known throughout his life. It was the name that Pontius Pilate nailed to the cross on which he died. It’s the name that was justified and proven innocent by God. And it is the name Peter used when he preached the news of Jeshua’s resurrection in the Jewish temple and acclaimed him as the source of our hope for eternal life.
My account as told in this book doesn’t address all the controversies surrounding his death and resurrection. As often as not, these details are distraction. Simply stated, Mark’s account remains a reliable source for the many reasons that Jeshua’s name was and is good news for those who grasp its meaning. However, if you want to investigate some of the sources I used to write this book other than the gospel of Mark, you can do so. I have included a list of these sources. For a more comprehensive history of the good news, you will find it detailed at length in the books I name there.
At the end of my account of the life, teachings, and sufferings of Jeshua as the Messiah, I add sources for readers who wish to pursue any of my insights further. While composing this account, I drew on reflections from a series of radio broadcasts I made on the Gospel of Mark. During those broadcasts, I discussed this gospel along with my wife, Mary Ellen, and our friends Earl and Betty Bliss. After reading a chapter of Mark, or a portion of it, the four of us would share our personal convictions about the meaning of it. I’m sorry to say, however, that although the comments of all were well received by the radio audience, only mine have found their way into print here. Yet I must acknowledge that our readings as a group, and my comments here on the Gospel of Mark, would never have come into print had they not been part of these conversations. The insights of the Spirit given to all of us have contributed to the formation of this book.
The Gospel of Mark is acknowledged by scholars today as being the first among the accounts. Although Mark’s account has not always acknowledged as the being the best account, it is acknowledged today as being authentic by the vast majority of Scripture scholars. Scholarship aside, for me it is the most moving of the four gospels. My hope in writing these few reflections is that others may find the words of Mark to be a guide to living in our world today. We have in this gospel the most impressive and memorable stories Christ told, and these stories never lose relevance. In addition, we have his assurance that after his departure from this earth, his Father would send his Holy Spirit to guide and help Jeshua’s followers grasp the central meaning of his message.
Let us not forget that Jeshua commanded his disciples to proclaim the good news; he didn’t command any of them to write it down while he lived on earth. Let us not forget that the good news he proclaimed is his, and that his Father and the Holy Spirit still live in our midst—which we take as our Christian inheritance. Let us remember that God is still with us. Let us trust and believe God will help us convey Jeshua’s goodness to all the world!
I want to express here my gratitude to those who have supported or assisted me and my wife, Mary Ellen, in witnessing the Good News. To our friends Earl and Betty Bliss, the Missionaries of the Precious Blood of Jesus, and the founders of Saint Joseph’s College in Indiana, thank you. Especially supportive among them were Fathers Leonard Kostka, Paul White, and Brothers Brian Boyle, Joseph Fisher, and Matthew Schaefer. Our daughter, Emmy Kreilkamp, also helped me in many invaluable ways. To all my friends I say “Thank God!” for all God’s gracious favors!
Walter Percy observed that our consumer society tends to make all of us seem like ghosts drifting through our city streets, schools, and parks, where we carve our initials on some square inch of wood somewhere, as if to prove we really existed (Elie, The Life You Save May Be Your Own, pp. 270–79). I leave mine here, as G. K. Chesterton left his, with my initials: H. D. K.
Chapter 1
The Gospel of Mark brings the good news (euaggelion) for all who will listen. The Gospel of Mark tells a story about events that occurred in Palestine. But these events were so striking that news of them spread quickly throughout the Roman Empire. Who first brought the good news to Rome? Pilgrims, probably, from Jerusalem. Some of these pilgrims were eyewitnesses to the events described in this story. Simon Peter was among them.
Early reliable tradition suggests that the Gospel of Mark began as an oral account in Aramaic that was written out in Greek. Most likely it was written in Rome, probably on a scroll, by someone who knew both Aramaic and Greek. A conversion of the story from Aramaic to Greek is evident throughout the Gospel of Mark (Trochme, Formation, p. 251). Aramaic was the language spoken by Jeshua. Aramaic names and sayings are still found scattered throughout this work. Sometimes the writer’s Greek is a bit stilted because finding an exact equivalent for many Aramaic words is difficult, if not impossible. It has been determined that the person who converted the oral Aramaic to the written Greek knew Greek better than he did Aramaic.
Greek remained in widespread use throughout the Roman Empire. It was used in Alexander the Great’s empire when it was overrun by the Romans. The audience for this Greek translation of the good news was for people who lived in the Roman Empire and its capital, Rome. The text was found later in various places in the empire. Even after the Roman conquest, Greek remained the language of the eastern half of the empire, especially in markets where people carried out their businesses. Simon Peter, for instance, would have used some Greek to sell his fish in the marketplace of Capernaum, a city on the northern shore of the Sea of Galilee. Peter and most of his associates came from the region around the Sea of Galilee.
As the story relates, Peter and his associates were sent out by Jeshua to spread the good news to the ends of the earth. From Peter’s standpoint Rome was the center of that “end of the earth.” Peter reached Rome near the end of his life. He probably preached the good news in Aramaic in the Jewish synagogues in Rome, as he had done in Judaea, Samaria, and Antioch. Interestingly, the followers of Jeshua were first called “Christians” in Antioch.
At the end of his first letter, Peter called Mark his “beloved son.” In Rome, where Latin as well as Greek was spoken, Peter would have needed an interpreter to speak for him. Papias, a Christian bishop of the second century of the Common Era, called Mark Peter’s interpreter in spreading the good news. Among Christians, the idea took root that Mark was the person who wrote this first report of the life, teaching, wonders, suffering, death, and resurrection of Jeshua.
The Gospel of Mark was an unsigned report, and the story it tells, based on an oral tradition, was already forty years old by the time it was written down. But this delay did not detract from the reverence with which the early Christian churches accepted it as an authentic account of what the apostles had witnessed. We should remember that Christ did not command his disciples to write anything. He simply instructed them to proclaim the good news everywhere. And for the first forty years Jeshua’s followers did so orally. Mark’s composition, written on a long scroll, appeared in one continuous stream of letters without spaces between the words or punctuation, paragraphs, and chapters. It served as evidence of what may be called “the great tradition” among Christian churches. To be able to read it you had to know Greek and the oral tradition of the good news that had already spread among the early Christian churches. It’s good to keep these things in mind when interpreting the story.
Peter summarized the teaching and acts of Jeshua when preaching in the temple (Acts 2:22–24), and also when speaking to Cornelius in Caesarea (Acts 10:37–42). Paul did as much when preaching in the synagogue at Antioch in Pisidia (Acts 13:23–31). Trochme tells us (Formation of