Rome’s Most Faithful Daughter. Neal Pease
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term for a place exists in English, I have used it; if not, I have employed the variant corresponding to the interwar boundary lines: hence, for example, Warsaw, Upper Silesia, and Danzig, but Poznań, Breslau, and Kaunas. The closest calls involve the two metropolises of what was then eastern Poland, but now are parts of successor states to the former Soviet Union. The city called Wilno in Polish, now Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania, was usually referred to as Vilna in English parlance of the time, so Vilna it will be here. On the other hand, having discerned no comparable Anglophone consensus regarding the city known as L’viv in contemporary Ukraine, I have settled on the Polish Lwów. Along the same lines, I am aware that Polish opinion objected to the expression “Corridor,” which implied the injustice and artificiality of one notoriously contested sector of the boundary between Poland and Germany, but it remains the most recognizable shorthand name for the international dispute it stood for, so I have not tried to avoid it. Of course, none of these choices has the slightest intention of hinting at any covert authorial opinion on the merits of these arguments. While widely accepted, the term “Uniate” can offend Eastern-rite Catholics, who rightly note its origins as a label of opprobrium; my occasional resort to it here is meant to lessen repetitiveness of language, and intends no disrespect. There are fewer such hazards in Italy: while there are subtle shades of difference among the terms “Holy See,” “Apostolic See,” and “Vatican,” I have used them interchangeably as pertaining to the papacy, its policy, or its authority.
It is a pleasure to acknowledge the generous help that has come to me along the way. My labors have been aided in large part by research grants from the American Council of Learned Societies, the American Philosophical Society, the International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX), the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Center for International Education at my own University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. A research fellowship from the Pew Evangelical Scholars Program provided a year’s leave of absence from other duties at UWM to devote to the project. I am indebted as well to many individuals, who deserve much credit for the worth of the book, such as it is, and no blame for its shortcomings, which are my responsibility alone. The list is long, and only a few can be mentioned by name. I have benefited greatly from the advice and example of my mentors, Professor Piotr S. Wandycz and Professor Anna M. Cienciała, and my predecessor and colleague at UWM, the late Professor M. K. Dziewanowski. A dear friend of long standing, Dr. Thomas S. Dyman, looked over the manuscript with expert eyes at various stages of preparation, offering encouragement and valuable suggestions for improvement. Aformer colleague, Professor Kathleen Wellman, and her family acted as gracious hosts during a research stay in Rome, and a family friend, Teresa Korzeniowski, arranged accommodations in Warsaw for similar purposes. For their efforts toward the production of this book, my sincere thanks go to Professor John J. Bukowczyk, editor of the Polish and Polish-American Studies Series, and to the team at Ohio University Press: Nancy Basmajian, managing editor; Gillian Berchowitz, assistant director and senior editor; Ricky S. Huard, project editor; Beth Pratt, production manager; John Morris, copyeditor; and Chiquita Babb, designer and typesetter. Donna G. Genzmer, director of the Cartography and GIS Center, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, prepared the maps. Krystyna K. Matusiak, senior academic librarian at the UWM Libraries, assisted in reproduction of photographs.
A select few people have meant more to me than I am able to convey in words and have contributed to the making of the book in ways indirect but profound. My parents, Wanda Adkins and H. W. Pease, inspired a youthful interest in history that I never outgrew. My parents-in-law, Wiktor and Zofia Barczyk, have touched me with their appreciation for their son-in-law’s professional focus on the land of their birth. Above all, I have been blessed by the love, support, and patient forbearance of my cherished wife, Ewa Barczyk, director of the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Libraries, and our children; and it is to them, as before, that this book is dedicated.
Abbreviations
| AAN | Archiwum Akt Nowych, Warsaw |
| AAN-MSZ | Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych, AAN |
| AAN-MWRiOP | Ministerstwo Wyznań Religijnych i Oświecenia Publicznych, AAN |
| ADSS | Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la seconde guerre mondiale, ed. Pierre Blet, Angelo Martini, and Burkhart Schneider (Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1965) |
| AGND | Archiwum Adiutantury Generalnej Naczelnego Dowództwa (Archiwum Belwederskie) (microfilm), Yale University Library |
| ANP | Achilles Ratti (1918–1921), ed. Stanisław Wilk, Acta Nuntiaturae Polonae 57 (Rome: Institutum Historicum Polonicum Romae, 1995–96) |
| APIP | Archiwum polityczne Ignacego Paderewskiego, ed. Halina Janowska (Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1973–74) |
| APP | Archiwum Prymasów Polskich, Archiwum Archidiecezjalne w Gnieźnie, Gniezno |
| ASV | Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Vatican City |
| BPPP | Bulletin périodique de la presse polonaise, France, Ministère des Affaires Étrangères |
| DBFP | Documents on British Foreign Policy, Great Britain, Foreign Office |
| HIA | Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford, Calif. |
| IDDI | I documenti diplomatici italiani, Italy, Ministero degli Affari Esteri |
| IHGS | Instytut Historyczny im. Generała Sikorskiego, London |
| NKUPMJP | Naczelny Komitet Uczczenia Pamięci Marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego, AAN |
| PIA | Joseph Pilsudski Institute of America, New York |
| RDHS | Records and Documents of the Holy See Relating to the Second World War, ed. Pierre Blet, Angelo Martini, and Burkhart Schneider (Washington, D.C.: Corpus Books, 1968) |
| SDNA | State Department Decimal File, National Archives, Washington, D.C. |
| Szembek | Diariusz i teki Jana Szembeka (1935–1945), ed. Tytus Komarnicki and Józef Zarański (London: Polish Research Centre, 1964) |
Guide to Pronunciation
The following key provides a guide to the pronunciation of Polish words and names.
a is pronounced as in father
c as ts, as in cats
ch as guttural h, as in German Bach
cz as hard ch, as in church
g (always hard), as in get
i as ee, as in meet
j as y, as in yellow
rz as hard zh, as in French jardin
sz as hard sh, as in ship
szcz as hard shch, as in fresh cheese
u as oo, as in boot
w as v, as in vat
ć as soft ch, as in cheap
ś as soft sh, as in sheep
ż as hard zh, as in French jardin
ź as soft zh, as in seizure
ó as oo, as in boot
ą as a nasal, as in French on
ę as a nasal, as in French en
ł as w, as in way
ń as ny, as in canyon
The accent in Polish words almost always falls on the penultimate syllable.
Rome’s Most Faithful Daughter
1
Polonia Restituta
The Catholic Church and the Revival of Poland
THE FORMAL RESUMPTION OF POLISH STATEHOOD in modern times began in church. On February 9, 1919, not quite three months after its inception, the government of the fledgling Second Polish Republic marked the convocation of its first parliament, or Sejm, inWarsaw with an inaugural Roman Catholic high mass, reviving the custom of the bygone commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania before its partition and subjection to foreign rule for a century and a quarter. In its form and dramatis personae, this ceremony vividly asserted the