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is alphabetical by variable name. The keyword _ALL_ can be used in place of the data set name, in this instance, the output contains a full list of all library members followed by metadata for each data set in the library.

       The PRINT procedure directs the data portion of the selected data set to all active output destinations. By default, PROC PRINT displays variable names as column headers, the LABEL option changes these to the variable labels (when present). Display of labels is also controlled by the LABEL/NOLABEL system options, see Chapter Note 5 in Section 1.7 for additional details.

       Default behavior of the PRINT procedure is to output all rows and columns in the current data order. The VAR statement selects the set of columns and their order for display.

      Output 1.4.4A: Output from PROC CONTENTS for Sashelp.Cars

Data Set Name	SASHELP.CARS	Observations	428
Member Type	DATA	Variables	15
Engine	V9	Indexes	0
Created	Local Information Differs	Observation Length	152
Last Modified	Local Information Differs	Deleted Observations	0
Protection		Compressed	NO
Data Set Type		Sorted	YES
Label	2004 Car Data
Data Representation	WINDOWS_64
Encoding	us-ascii ASCII (ANSI)

Engine/Host Dependent Information
Data Set Page Size	65536
Number of Data Set Pages	2
First Data Page	1
Max Obs per Page	430
Obs in First Data Page	413
Number of Data Set Repairs	0
ExtendObsCounter	YES
Filename	Local Information Differs
Release Created	9.0401M4
Host Created	X64_SR12R2
Owner Name	BUILTIN\Administrators
File Size	192KB
File Size (bytes)	196608

Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes
#	Variable	Type	Len	Format	Label
9	Cylinders	Num	8
5	DriveTrain	Char	5
8	EngineSize	Num	8		Engine Size (L)
10	Horsepower	Num	8
7	Invoice	Num	8	DOLLAR8.
15	Length	Num	8		Length (IN)
11	MPG_City	Num	8		MPG (City)
12	MPG_Highway	Num	8		MPG (Highway)
6	MSRP	Num	8	DOLLAR8.
1	Make	Char	13
2	Model	Char	40
4	Origin	Char	6
3	Type	Char	8
13	Weight	Num	8		Weight (LBS)
14	Wheelbase	Num	8		Wheelbase (IN)

Sort Information
Sortedby	Make Type
Validated	YES
Character Set	ANSI

      Output 1.4.4B: Output from PROC PRINT (First 10 Rows) for Sashelp.Cars

Obs	Make	Model	MSRP	MPG (City)	MPG (Highway)
1	Acura	MDX	$36,945	17	23
2	Acura	RSX Type S 2dr	$23,820	24	31
3	Acura	TSX 4dr	$26,990	22	29
4	Acura	TL 4dr	$33,195	20	28
5	Acura	3.5 RL 4dr	$43,755	18	24
6	Acura	3.5 RL w/Navigation 4dr	$46,100	18	24
7	Acura	NSX coupe 2dr manual S	$89,765	17	24
8	Audi	A4 1.8T 4dr	$25,940	22	31
9	Audi	A41.8T convertible 2dr	$35,940	23	30
10	Audi	A4 3.0 4dr	$31,840	20	28

1.4.4 The SAS Log

      The SAS log tracks program submissions and generates information during compilation and execution to aid in the debugging process. Most of the information SAS displays in the log (besides repeating the code submission) falls into one of five categories:

       Errors: An error in the SAS log is an indication of a problem that has stopped the compilation or execution process. These may be generated by either syntax or logic errors, see the example in this section for a discussion of the differences in these two error types.

       Warnings: A warning in the SAS log is an indication of something unexpected during compilation or execution that was not sufficient to stop either from occurring. Most warnings are an indication of a logic error, but they can also reflect other events, such as an attempt by the compiler to correct a syntax error.

       Notes: Notes give various information about the submission process, including: process time, records and data set used, locations for file delivery, and other status information. However, some notes actually indicate potential problems during execution. Therefore, reviewing notes is important, and they should not be presumed to be benign. Program 1.4.5, along with others in later chapters, illustrates such an instance.

       Additional Diagnostic Information: Depending on the nature of the note, error, or warning, SAS may transmit additional information to the log to aid in diagnosing the problem.

       Requested Information: Based on various system options and other statements, a SAS program can request additional information be transmitted to the SAS log. The ODS TRACE statement is one such statement covered in Section 1.5. Other statements and options are included in later chapters.

      Program 1.4.5 introduces errors into the code given in Program 1.4.1, with a review of the nature of the mistakes and the log entries corresponding to them shown in Figure 1.4.8. Errors can generally be split into two types: syntax and non-syntax errors. A syntax error occurs when the compiler is unable to recognize a portion of the code as a legal statement, option, or other language element; thus, it is a situation where programming statements do not conform to the rules of the SAS language. A non-syntax error occurs when correct syntax rules are used, but in a manner that leads to an incorrect result (including no result at all). In this book, non-syntax errors are also referred to as logic errors (an abbreviated phrase referring to errors in programming logic). Chapter Note 6 in Section 1.7 provides a further refinement of such error types.

      Program 1.4.5: Program 1.4.1 Revised to Include Errors

      options pagesize=100 linesize=90 number pageno=1 nodate;

      data work.cars;

      set sashelp.cars;

      mpg_combo=0.6*mpg_city+0.4*mpg_highway;

      select(type);

      when(‘Sedan’,’Wagon’) typeB=’Sedan/Wagon’;

      when(‘SUV’,’Truck’) typeB=’SUV/Truck’;

      otherwise typeB=type;

      end;

      label mpg_combo=’Combined MPG’ type2=’Simplified Type’;

      run;

      Title ‘Combined MPG Means’;

      proc sgplot daat=work.cars;

      hbar typeB / response=mpg_combo stat=mean limits=upper;

      where typeB ne ‘Hybrid’;

      run;

      Title ‘MPG Five-Number Summary’;

      Titletwo ‘Across Types’;

      proc means data=car min q1 median q3 max maxdec=1;

      class

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