Washington, DC

      Copyright © 2014 by Donald P. Gregg

      New Academia Publishing 2014

      All statements of fact, opinion, or analysis expressed are those of the author and do not reflect the official positions or views of the CIA, any other U.S. Government agency, the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, or DACOR, Inc. Nothing in the contents should be construed as asserting or implying U.S. Government authentication of information or Agency endorsement of the author’s views. This material has been reviewed by the CIA to prevent the disclosure of classified information.

      All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system.

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      Library of Congress Control Number: 2014941748

      ISBN 978-0-9904471-8-4 ebook

      ISBN 978-0-9904471-0-8 paperback (alk. paper)

      ISBN 978-0-9904471-1-5 hardcover (alk. paper)

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      ADST-DACOR DIPLOMATS AND DIPLOMACY SERIES

      Series Editor: MARGERY BOICHEL THOMPSON

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      Jonathan Addleton, Mongolia and the United States: A Diplomatic History

      Herman J. Cohen, Intervening in Africa: Superpower Peacemaking in a Troubled Continent

      Charles T. Cross, Born a Foreigner: A Memoir of the American Presence in Asia

      John H. Holdridge, Crossing the Divide: An Insider’s Account of Normalization of U.S.-China Relations

      Edmund J. Hull, High-Value Target: Countering al Qaeda in Yemen

      Dennis Kux, The United States and Pakistan, 1947–2000: Disenchanted Allies

      Terry McNamara, Escape with Honor: My Last Hours in Vietnam

      William B. Milam, Bangladesh and Pakistan: Flirting with Failure in Muslim South Asia

      Robert H. Miller, Vietnam and Beyond: A Diplomat’s Cold War Education

      William Michael Morgan, Pacific Gibraltar: U.S.-Japanese Rivalry over the Annexation of Hawai’i, 1885–1898

      Ronald Neumann, The Other War: Winning and Losing in Afghanistan

      David D. Newsom, Witness to a Changing World

      Nicholas Platt, China Boys: How U.S. Relations with the PRC Began and Grew

      Howard B. Schaffer, The Limits of Influence: America’s Role in Kashmir

      Ulrich Straus, The Anguish of Surrender: Japanese POWs of World War II

      Nancy Bernkopf Tucker, Ed., China Confidential: American Diplomats and Sino-American Relations, 1945–1996

      For a complete list of series titles, visit <adst.org/publications>

      For Meg

      With my love and thanks

      For the joys of many years

      Preface

      His hair was glossy, his handshake firm and dry, his glance hard and inquisitive. The few seconds in which I had his full attention left me with an indelible impression. That was John F. Kennedy at the White House, 1962, talking about counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War.

      The CIA officer’s hair and eyelashes were burned away, his skin was charred, but his eyes were open and his blistered lips moved. “This is what I’ve been looking for, a cool place, me with my clothes off, and beautiful ladies all around.” A white phosphorous grenade had fatally burned the CIA officer. The scene was a U.S. Army hospital, Vietnam, 1971.

      “I know how things work around here,” said Ambassador Philip Habib. “They are going to kill him, but they may wait until they hear something from me. If you can tell me who has him and where he is by tomorrow morning, we may be able to keep him alive.” The ambassador was describing the kidnapping of Kim Dae-jung. South Korea, August 1973.

      Fragments of memory have persisted through the vagaries of time, like shards of pottery broken long ago. They are reminders of things from the all-but-forgotten past. When I was U.S. ambassador to South Korea, I would often stop my armored car at construction sites in Seoul to prowl around freshly broken ground, looking for ancient pot shards newly exposed. I have boxes of shards thus collected that can never be reconnected to what once was whole. I also have a vivid collection of memories that I will try to string together to create the narrative of this book.

      I remember waking up one night long ago, a small boy filled with the fear of dying. I cried out and my parents heard me and came into my room. I was still snuffling, but they comforted me enough so that I asked through my tears if I would live to see the year 2000.

      They assured me that I would, and I asked how old I would be when that date came. They told me that I would be 72 years old. That seemed so reassuringly far off in the future that I was able to fall back into sleep.

      It is now well more than fourteen years into the twenty-first century, and I realize that if I am ever to “connect the dots” of my memory, I had better get started now.

      So I shall begin.

      Thanks and Recollections

      First of all, I am very grateful to Andrew Szanton, my long-time editor, and to Margery Thompson, ADST publishing director and series editor, who have worked so well as a team, and have done so much to bring Pot Shards into publishable form. I am also grateful to my son John, twenty-five years a journalist, for his professional judgments along the way.

      Next I want to mention Tapani Kaskeala, my great friend in Helsinki. I sent him the chapter “The Finnish Connection” as a gesture of friendship. Thanks to him it was printed in Finland’s leading magazine in the fall of 2013. Thank you,