Biko: A Biography. Xolela Mangcu
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Abantu Besizwe, 312-313.
[41] Mostert, Frontiers, 465.
[42] Mqhayi, Abantu Besizwe, 212.
[43] AC Jordan (1973). Towards an African Literature: The Emergence of Literary Form in South Africa (Los Angeles: University of California Press), 50-51.
[44] Mostert, Frontiers, 480.
[45] Peires, The House of Phalo, 83-84.
[46] Peires, The House of Phalo, 75.
[47] Martin Legassick (2010). The Struggle for the Eastern Cape 1800-1854: Subjugation and the Roots of South African Democracy (Johannesburg: KMM Review Publishers), 8.
[48] A ngcongolo is a reed, which suggests Read may have been a tall man.
[49] Legassick, The Struggle for the Eastern Cape, 25-26.
[50] Legassick, The Struggle for the Eastern Cape, 38.
[51] Levine, A Living Man From Africa, 74.
[52] Legassick, The Struggle for the Eastern Cape, 73.
[53] Legassick, The Struggle for the Eastern Cape, 66.
[54] Interview with Bernard Zylstra, 1977.
[55] Legassick, The Struggle for the Eastern Cape, 90.
[56] Legassick, The Struggle for the Eastern Cape, 101.
[57] Williams, The Journal and Selected Writings of the Reverend Tiyo Soga, 5.
[58] Rubusana, Benson Walter and SC Satyo (2002 [1906]). Zemk’Iinkomo Magwalandini (Cape Town: New Africa Books), 4.
[59] Levine (2010), A Living Man From Africa.
[60] This Uniondale is not to be confused with the one in the Karoo.
[61] Quoted in Mcebisi Ndletyana (2008). African Intellectuals in 19th and Early 20th Century South Africa (Cape Town: HSRC Press), 20.
[62] See Donovan Williams (1978). Umfundisi: A Biography of Tiyo Soga, 1829-1871 (Alice: Lovedale Press).
[63] Tiyo Soga’s reply to Chalmers under the pseudonym Defensor, King William’s Town Gazette and Kaffrarian Banner, 11 May 1865.
[64] John Chalmers (1877). Tiyo Soga: A Page of South African Mission Work (Edinburgh: Andrew Elliott), 430.
[65] Williams, The Journal and Selected Writings of Tiyo Soga, 175.
[66] Biko, I Write What I Like, 113.
[67] David Attwell (2005). Rewriting Modernity: Studies in Black South African Literary History (Scotsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press), 46.
[68] Williams, Umfundisi, 125.
[69] Masilela, interview with Sandile Ngidi, 2000.
[70] André Odendaal (1984). Vukani Bantu!: The Beginnings of Black Protest Politics in South Africa to 1912 (Cape Town: David Philip).
[71] Odendaal, Vukani Bantu!, 15.
[72] Sol Plaatje (2007). Native Life in South Africa (Johannesburg: Picador Africa), 165-166.
[73] Plaatje, Native Life in South Africa, 162-163.
[74] Odendaal, Vukani Bantu!, 15.
[75] AC Jordan (1973). Towards an African Literature: The Emergence of Literary Form in South Africa (Los Angeles: University of California Press), 116.
[76] Nelson Mandela (1994). Long Walk to Freedom (Little, Brown), 35-36.
[77] Jordan, Towards an African Literature, 113.
[78] Millard Arnold (ed.) (1979). The Testimony of Steve Biko (London: Maurice Temple Smith), xv.
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