---

Скачать книгу

---

был изобретён ещё в античную эпоху, но стал широко применяться в Европе, похоже, лишь около 1050 года. Во времена первого крестового похода (1095–1099) византийские авторы пишут о нём как о новом оружии. Дочь византийского императора Алексея Комнина Анна Комнина, оставившая после себя интересную историю царствования её отца, писала об этом оружии:

      Конец ознакомительного фрагмента.

      Текст предоставлен ООО «ЛитРес».

      Прочитайте эту книгу целиком, купив полную легальную версию на ЛитРес.

      Безопасно оплатить книгу можно банковской картой Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, со счета мобильного телефона, с платежного терминала, в салоне МТС или Связной, через PayPal, WebMoney, Яндекс.Деньги, QIWI Кошелек, бонусными картами или другим удобным Вам способом.

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

---

Скачать книгу