The Triumph of Profiling. Andreas Bernard
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(with the Püttjer & Schnierda Profile Method)”], 20 perfekte Bewerbungen mit Profil [“Twenty Perfect Job Applications with a Profile”], Die Bewerbungsmappe mit Profil für Um- und Aufsteiger [“The Job-Application Portfolio with a Profile for Those Seeking to Transfer Jobs or Earn a Promotion”], Vorstellungsgespräch: Vorbereiten, überzeugen, gewinnen (mit Pütter & Schnierda-Profil-Methode) [“Interviews: Prepare, Persuade, Succeed (with the Püttjer & Schnierda Profile Method)”].32 Püttjer provided me with this information in a telephone interview conducted on January 26, 2017.33 Christian Püttjer and Uwe Schnierda, Das große Bewerbungshandbuch, 2nd edn. (Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2006), 25.34 Christian Püttjer and Uwe Schnierda, Das gelungene Online-Bewerbung (Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2001), 85; Püttjer and Schnierda, Das große Bewerbungshandbuch, 20.35 Püttjer and Schnierda, Das große Bewerbungshandbuch, 25.36 See, for example, Püttjer and Schnierda, Anschreiben und Lebensläufe für Hochschulabsolventen, 79; and Püttjer and Schnierda, Das große Bewerbungshandbuch, 18, 220.37 The term “user profile,” for instance, can be found in demographic analyses as early as the 1970s. See Janpeter Kob et al., Profil der Benutzer öffentlicher Bibliotheken (Berlin: Deutscher Bibliotheksverband, 1973).38 See, for instance, John Burnett and Alan Bush, “Profiling the Yuppies,” Journal of Advertising Research 26 (1986), 27–35.39 Andreas Wenzlau et al., KundenProfiling: Die Methode zur Neukundenakquise (Erlangen: Publicis, 2003), 17–18 (emphasis original).40 See “Using Information from User Video Game Interactions to Target Advertisements,” United States Patent No. WO 2007041371 A3 (2007). Regarding the implications of this method, see Helmut Martin-Jung, “Verhaltensforschung,” Süddeutsche Zeitung (May 15, 2007), 1. The patent can be viewed online at https://www.google.com/patents/WO2007041371A3?cl=en.41 Petra Wittig, “Die datenschutzrechtliche Problematik der Anfertigung von Persönlichkeitsprofilen,” Recht der Datenverarbeitung 16 (2000), 61–9, at 62. In this passage, Wittig is in part citing the opinion of another lawyer.42 Christoph Schnabel, Datenschutz bei profilbasierten Location Based Services: Die datenschutzadäquate Gestaltung von Service-Plattformen für Mobilkommunikation (Kassel University Press, 2009), 172, 171.43 “Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the Protection of Natural Persons with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data, and Repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation)” (2016): http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679, §71, §60, respectively.44 Ibid., §18.45 Schnabel, Datenschutz bei profilbasierten Location Based Services, 177. In terms of privacy law, one of the first studies to discuss the coexistence of unwittingly and actively created profiles is Louis Specht, Konsequenzen der Ökonomisierung informationeller Selbstbestimmung: Die zivilrechtliche Erfassung des Datenhandels (Cologne: Heymann, 2012).46 Michal Kosinski et al., “Our Twitter Profiles, Ourselves: Predicting Personality with Twitter,” in IEEE Third International Conference on Social Computing (Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society, 2011), 180–5.47 Michal Kosinski et al., “Private Traits and Attributes Are Predictable from Digital Records of Human Behavior,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (2013), 5802–5, at 5802. See also the project's website at http://mypersonality.org/wiki/doku.php.48 Kosinski et al., “Private Traits and Attributes,” 5802.49 Kosinski et al., “Our Twitter Profiles,” 185 (emphasis original).50 Quoted from Alexander Nix, “The Power of Big Data and Psychographics in the Electoral Process,” a presentation delivered at the 2016 Concordia Summit. The presentation can be viewed on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8Dd5aVXLCc, and the citation here is taken from the 4:04 mark. For a discussion of Cambridge Analytica's methods, see Hannes Grassegger and Mikael Krogerus, “Ich habe nur gezeigt, dass es die Bombe gibt,” Das Magazin 48/3 (December 3, 2016): https://www.dasmagazin.ch/2016/12/03/ich-habe-nur-gezeigt-dass-es-die-bombe-gibt.51 Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 185.52 Ibid.53 Sherry Turkle, “Constructions and Reconstructions of Self in Virtual Reality: Playing in the MUDS,” Mind, Culture, and Activity 1 (1994), 158–67, at 164 (emphasis original).54 Rheingold, The Virtual Community, 149.55 John Perry Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” Electronic Frontier Foundation (February 8, 1996): https://www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence.56 Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture, 162.57 Ibid., 117.58 Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” n.p.59 Quoted from https://www.facebook.com/legal/terms.60 David Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect: The Inside Story of the Company that Is Connecting the World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010), 100.61 Ibid., 199.62 Ibid., 210.
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