The Nature of Conspiracy Theories. Michael Butter
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22 August 2015, at http://www.wissensmanufaktur.net/einwanderungs-chaos.22 ‘187 radical organizations’, in the comments to C. Spiering, ‘John Podesta Fuels Russian Conspiracy Theory: Urges Electoral College to Revisit Election’, Breitbart, 12 December 2016, https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2016/12/12/john-podesta-fuels-russian-conspiracy-theory-urges-electoral-college-revisit-election/23 See, for example, this article, which also reproduces images of the memo: ‘CIA Memo 1967: CIA Coined & Weaponized the Label “Conspiracy Theory”’, at https://steemit.com/history/@thelastheretik/cia-coined-and-weaponized-the-label-conspiracy-theory.24 See, for example, Räikkä, J. and Basham, L., ‘Conspiracy Theory Phobia’, in Uscinski, J. (ed.) Conspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them, New York: Oxford University Press, 2019, pp. 178–86.25 Bratich, J. Z., Conspiracy Panics: Political Rationality and Popular Culture, Albany: SUNY Press, 2008, p. 4.26 An entire Wikipedia article is dedicated to this alleged connection: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations.27 For the classic definition of conspiracy theories as counter-narratives, see Fiske, J., Media Matters: Everyday Culture and Political Change, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994. For studies that demonstrate that outside of the West conspiracy theories are often the official version of events, see, for example, Borenstein, E., Plots against Russia: Conspiracy and Fantasy after Socialism, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019; and Gray, M., Conspiracy Theories in the Arab World: Sources and Politics, London: Routledge, 2010.28 Boyer, P. S. and Nissenbaum, S., Salem Possessed: The Social Origins of Witchcraft, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974.29 Pfahl-Traughber, ‘“Bausteine” zu einer Theorie über “Verschwörungstheorien”’, p. 31.30 Hepfer, K., Verschwörungstheorien: Eine philosophische Kritik der Unvernunft, Bielefeld: Transcript, 2015, p. 24.
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