Property Investment Appraisal. Andrew E. Baum
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These analyses assume that sale prices are independent of valuations. However, Baum et al. (2000) found that valuations were not independent of prices and prior valuations played an important part in deciding which properties were bought and sold – and at what minimum price. On this basis, it would be expected that prices would exceed valuations generally, as funds are less likely to sell or buy at prices that do not meet the last valuation or the next prospective valuation. Some funds struggled to get trustee approval for selling at less than prior valuation and some buying funds checked formally that their portfolio valuer would at least confirm the purchase price at the next valuation before proceeding to purchase. Another example is that of German open-ended funds where the rules governing these funds prohibit sales of assets at amounts that are more than a few percentage points below the valuation. Prospective sale prices at less than valuation would not be completed, so the samples of sales would be biased towards cases where prices exceeded the prior or prospective market valuation. Therefore, a positive bias in any accuracy study should be expected.
The expectation that valuers will lag and smooth the peaks and troughs in prices has been discussed by Geltner et al. (2003) and in Geltner et al. (2007). These authors are not alone in suggesting that one of the reasons for valuations lagging market movements is anchoring by valuers on the information contained in past comparable transactions and valuations. Anchoring refers to a psychological tendency to rely on an initial known figure (such as a prior valuation) by more than would be justified from its relevance to the appraisal at hand. This is arguably quite rational behaviour given the nature of the valuation process and the need to minimise errors that arise from noisy contemporaneous market signals (Quan and Quigley 1991), as well as the possible requirement to justify the valuation in court. In less liquid markets (where liquidity is defined as the depth of transaction activity), the anchoring on past valuations is likely to be stronger.
However, the accuracy studies show that the gap between prices and valuations increases in booms, which is where transaction activity is at its greatest. This suggests that the speed or extent of value change has a major impact. New information may be available, but it might not be fed into valuations quickly enough to keep them abreast of rapidly rising prices. This raises questions for the organisation of valuation services. In some jurisdictions, valuers are separate from the marketplace and are housed within specialist firms. Yet, in many mature markets, valuations are undertaken by the same firms that carry out agency functions, thereby improving access to market intelligence or “soft” information that can feed into a valuation. This is in addition to past valuations and evidence from completed transactions.
Smoothing relates to the extent to which valuations reduce the volatility of actual prices by missing the cyclical peaks and troughs of price movements. The impact of smoothing has been studied using individual valuations and valuation-based property performance indices. This includes attempts to quantify its extent, as summarised in Geltner et al. (2003). More recent analysis of a transaction index based on sales from the MSCI UK dataset (Devaney and Martinez Diaz (2011)) indicates that the current level of smoothing might be less than that found in previous studies, with the index being 1.4 times more volatile than an appraisal-based counterpart. Yet perhaps the most interesting finding was that, unlike other studies, particularly for the US (e.g. Fisher et al. 2007), the turning points appeared to be the same in both appraisal and transaction-based indices,