Digital Transformation: Evaluating Emerging Technologies. Группа авторов
Читать онлайн книгу.
options have potential as V2G technologies but are in varying degrees of readiness. Through this research, the perspective of the Likelihood of Owner Participation was the most influential to the decision-making process. Within this perspective, the incentives/benefits for owner criterion was weighted most highly. Readiness Status, the second-highest weighted perspective, had market adoption as its highest-ranking criterion. The third perspective, Availability, had a fair equal distribution among its three criteria.
Of the five technological options, individually owned vehicles were chosen by all the experts to be the closest in delivering V2G integration capabilities. While there are still many hurdles and challenges for this technology type, the direct power and decent adoption rate of EVs in the United States indicate great promise. Research should be undertaken to examine how federal or state policy might stimulate this technology option through incentivization schemes, either in the form of government subsidies to consumers or VGI services, or regulatory prioritization.
Because school buses are common in almost every locality of the United States and that they are already often on a structured time schedule, they came in as the second-highest rated policy option. Here, the main hurdle would be the high purchase cost of electric buses and/or converting buses from fossil fuel to electric usage. More research should be conducted to understand how policy can incentivize school districts and municipal decision-makers to invest in EV technology. Incentivization schemes like subsidization might be one way to do so, as might federal or state grants.
Municipal owned vehicles scored about average, due to their lack of widespread adoption. However, because these vehicles do not require coercion or incentive to participate in scheduling for peak-management, this option may have more potential as time progresses and the costs of EVs decrease. This is largely true for all of the options, but more so for electric military vehicles and garbage trucks. Once costs decrease in these areas, decision makers might want to start integrating into EV technology.
All five technology options present great promise for the future of V2G and VGI technologies. Now that research has narrowed down policy options, future research will want to focus on incentivizing individual car owners and municipal decision makers to adopt these technologies. Future research should also analyze summer time peak management scheduling for a variety of municipal and government owned EVs.
References
1.R. Wiser, A. Mills, J. Seel, T. Levin and A. Botterud, Impacts of Variable Renewable Energy on Bulk Power System Assets, Pricing, and Costs (Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory with Argonne National Laboratory, 2017).
2.L. Wood, R. Hemphill, J. Howat, R. Cavanagh, S. Borenstein and L. Schwartz, Recovery of Utility Fixed Costs: Utility, Consumer, Environmental and Economist Perspectives (Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2016).
3.California Energy Commission, “2017 integrated energy policy report”, Sacramento, CA, February 2018. https://www.energy.ca.gov/2017_energypolicy/.
4.Carbon Emissions Reduction Taskforce, “Carbon emissions reduction taskforce, report to the Washington state governor’s office”, Report, Washington State Governor’s Office, Olympia, WA, 14 November 2015. http://www.governor.wa.gov/sites/default/files/documents/CERT_Final_Report.pdf.
5.Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, “Oregon greenhouse gas emissions data, 2012 sector share of total emissions”, December 2015. http://www.oregon.gov/DEQ/AQ/Pages/Greenhouse-Gas-Inventory-Report.aspx.
6.P. De Martini, L. Kristov and L. Schwartz, Distribution Systems in a High Distributed Energy Resources Future: Planning, Market Design, Operation and Oversight (Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2015). https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl-1003797.pdf.
7.N. Swalnick, “Climate mayors and electrification coalition partner to rapidly transition municipal fleets to electric vehicles”, Act-News, 13 September 2018. https://www.act-news.com/news/municipal-fleets-electric-vehicles/.
8.Nissan USA, “Range and charging”, Nissan USA. https://www.nissanusa.com/vehicles/electric-cars/leaf/range-charging.html. Accessed: 28 November 2018.
9.W. Cox, “School buses: America’s largest transit system”, Newgeography.com, 19 December 2014. http://www.newgeography.com/content/004801-school-buses-americas-largest-transit-system.
10.B. Plumer, “The wheels on these buses go round and round with zero emissions”, The New York Times, 12 November 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/12/climate/electric-school-buses.html.
11.Lion Electric Company, “Power in progress”, Brochure. https://thelionelectric.com/documents/en/BrochureLionCang.pdf.
12.WLNY CBS New York, “White plains unveils state’s first all-electric school buses”, 14 November 2018. https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2018/11/14/electric-school-buses-white-plains-national-express/.
13.B. Lillian, “Electric school bus batteries to support New York grid in summer”, NGT News, 6 July 2018. https://ngtnews.com/electric-school-bus-batteries-to-support-new-york-grid-in-summer.
14.C. Ockedahl, “Tesla veteran helps Mack create an electric garbage truck”, Trucks.com, 7 June 2018. https://www.trucks.com/2016/06/07/mack-trucks-shows-electric-garbage-truck/.
15.J. O’Dell, “From Tesla to trash: Wrightspeed’s electric garbage truck journey”, Trucks.com, 21 February 2017. https://www.trucks.com/2017/02/21/tesla-electric-garbage-trucks-wrightspeed/.
16.J. O’Dell, “Peterbilt unveils battery-electric garbage truck”, Trucks.com, 9 May 2017.