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      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Names: Rahilly, Elizabeth P., author.

      Title: Trans-affirmative parenting : raising kids across the gender spectrum / Elizabeth Rahilly.

      Description: New York : New York University Press, [2020] | Includes bibliographical references and index.

      Identifiers: LCCN 2019041959 | ISBN 9781479820559 (cloth) | ISBN 9781479817153 (paperback) | ISBN 9781479833603 (ebook) | ISBN 9781479812806 (ebook)

      Subjects: LCSH: Parents of transgender children. | Transgender children. | Gender-nonconforming children. | Gender identity in children.

      Classification: LCC HQ759.9147 .R34 2020 | DDC 306.76/8083—dc23

      LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019041959

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      To all the parents and children blazing new trails.

       And to my mother Anne.

      Introduction

      This is a historical moment, it really is, and I don’t know how it’s going to come out, but it is a very historical process. You know I’m seventy-two … I lived through the women’s movement.… When we talked about gender in those days, we were talking about the differences between men and women … it was all social, I was around for that … and then you’re here with this, which takes on another whole aspect of gender.

      —Leigh, founder of support group for parents of gender-nonconforming children

      It is a quiet, early morning in January 2015, and I pull into the empty parking lot of a high school, which is still on holiday break. A few minutes later, Jayne and Glenn arrive too, a white, upper-middle-class, heterosexual-identified married couple in their thirties.¹ After months of e-mailing back and forth, and with a babysitter on duty back at their house, they were finally able to break away from the daily demands of work and family and meet with me. This will be my last formal interview with parents, marking a capstone to a project that started six years prior, with many other families much farther away. Jayne and Glenn have three young children, two of whom will be the focus of our conversation today: Jared, the eldest, a nine-year-old transgender boy, and Amy, the middle child, a six-year-old transgender girl. After exiting our cars and exchanging a few nervous pleasantries, we make our way into the school’s library. It is quiet, vacant, and calm, and a perfect place to hear about their parenting journey.

      Over the course of our interview, Jayne and Glenn tell me about their vastly different experiences raising Jared and Amy. Jared is on the autism spectrum, and while he is the eldest, they did not recognize or identify him as gender-nonconforming until years after they began observing Amy’s nonconformity, as early as eighteen months of age. As they articulated throughout our conservation, hers seemed so much more noticeable. Indeed, Amy’s name appears roughly twice as many times as Jared’s in our transcript. Jared, assigned female at birth, was their “smart little scientist girl” and all about “dinosaurs and autopsy movies.”² In contrast, Amy, assigned male at birth, was all about the feminine: “It was not just the pinks and purples, it was the sparkliest, the glitteriest, the most diamonds and fake jewels on clothes or bracelets [she could find],” Jayne said. As of age three, Amy was happily making use of the toys, dresses, nightgowns, and accessories that Jared had discarded, including a princess costume box their grandmother had given to Jared. Amy also started issuing memorable comments about her sense of self and her body: “I’m a girl,” “I’m a girl with a penis,” and “God made a mistake.”

      Like many of the parents I interviewed, Jayne and Glenn were at first tickled by the openness of interests their children were displaying. As Jayne said, “In the beginning, I think we were pretty open-minded about it, like, This is great, both kids are exploring.… Amy’s going to be nurturing and play with dolls.… Jared likes trucks and construction, how cool is that? We’re so open-minded, good for us!”³ But over time, they both “started to worry” about Amy’s behaviors, especially as extended family members seemed to disapprove. As Glenn said, “I started noticing … my boy isn’t boyish enough … Jared was never on my radar like that.” Per the reactions of Jayne’s mother, for example, they eventually gave the princess box away, over which Amy cried and was extremely distraught. Like many of my interview moments with parents, this one was emotional, both for the storytellers and for me as the listener. I sympathized with the guilt that Jayne and Glenn felt about these kinds of restrictions, which seemed so foolish in hindsight.

      During these early years, Jayne attempted strategic, and exhausting, gendered compromises with Amy—“gender hedging,” as I have observed it among other parents.⁴ This included, for example, finding clothes that could pass for “boys’ ” attire but had some feminine “flair” on them, such as “a black sweatshirt with a little pink on it.” As Glenn said, Amy was living in a “hybrid” gendered mode. In the meantime, Jayne and Glenn were consumed with Jared’s behavioral health issues: “We’re like in major Asperger’s diagnosis land with her,⁵ so we weren’t thinking about gender … we were just trying to figure out how the heck to get this kid to function without tantruming in a public school. It was all about OT [occupational therapy], PT [physical therapy], therapeutic horseback riding, all those autistic accommodations and interventions.” They chalked Jared’s preference for not-so-feminine “comfortable” clothes up to his related sensory sensitivities, too, including plain leggings and tees. In fact, managing Jared’s behavioral issues eventually motivated Jayne to let Amy wear dresses to school; it was one less hurdle in the morning routine.

      At four years of age, Amy was experiencing bullying and questioning by her peers at school. While Jayne and Glenn did not think at all in terms of sexuality or sexual orientation, others in their midst did, including a close older family friend, a therapist, who thought Amy might be gay when she grows up. Eventually, their pediatrician referred them to a specialist at a gender clinic several hours away. At the start of the visit, the specialist asked Amy for her preferred pronouns (“she”) and, over the course of several hours, gently attuned Jayne and Glenn to the prospects of transgender and gender-nonconforming children. Shortly after this visit, and with the doctor’s guidance, Jayne and Glenn experimented with letting Amy dress and express as a girl “full-time” over the weekend. While Glenn was resistant to the idea that this was anything other than a “phase” that they could steer Amy out of, he decided to go “all in” to prove everyone wrong. But this “experiment” only clarified Amy’s earnest self-expressions as a girl. As the doctor told them, “You’re kind of along for the ride right now, and letting your child lead.” In contrast to the