The Glaciers of the Alps. John Tyndall
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THEORY. (21.)
THE PRESSURE-THEORY OF GLACIER-MOTION. (22.)
CRYSTALLIZATION AND INTERNAL LIQUEFACTION. (24.)
DIRT-BANDS OF THE MER DE GLACE. (26.)
THE VEINED STRUCTURE OF GLACIERS. (27.)
THE VEINED STRUCTURE AND THE DIFFERENTIAL MOTION. (28.)
THE RIPPLE-THEORY OF THE VEINED STRUCTURE. (29.)
THE VEINED STRUCTURE AND PRESSURE. (30.)
THE VEINED STRUCTURE AND THE LIQUEFACTION OF ICE BY PRESSURE. (31.)
WHITE ICE-SEAMS IN THE GLACIER DU GÉANT. (32.)
PART I.
Page
Visit to Penrhyn; the Cleavage of Slate Rocks; Sedgwick's theory—its difficulties; Sharpe's observations; Sorby's experiments; Lecture at the Royal Institution; Glacier Lamination; arrangement of an expedition to Switzerland
2.—Expedition of 1856: the Oberland.9
Valley of Lauterbrunnen; Pliability of rocks; the Wengern Alp; the Jungfrau and Silberhorn; Ice avalanches; Glaciers formed from them; Scene from the Little Scheideck; the Lower Grindelwald Glacier; the Heisse Platte—its Avalanches; Ice Minarets and Blocks; Echoes of the Wetterhorn; analogy with the Reflection of Light from angular mirrors; the Reichenbach Cascade; Handeck Fall; the Grimsel; the Unteraar Glacier; hut of M. Dollfuss; Hôtel des Neufchâtelois; the Rhone glacier from the Mayenwand; expedition up the glacier; Coloured Rings round the sun; crevasses of the névé; extraordinary meteorological phenomenon; Spirit of the Brocken
Kaunserthal and the Gebatsch Alp; Senner or Cheesemakers; Gebatsch Glacier; a night in a cowshed; passage to Lantaufer; a chamois on the rocks; my Guide; the atmospheric snow-line; passage of the Stelvio; Colour of fresh snow; Bormio; the pass recrossed by night; aspect of the mountains; Meran to Unserfrau; passage of the Hochjoch to Fend; singular hailstorm; wild glacier region; hidden crevasses; First Paper presented to the Royal Society
4.—Expedition of 1857: the Lake of Geneva.33
Blueness of the water; the head of the Lake; appearance of the Rhone; subsidence of particles; Mirage
5.—Chamouni and the Montanvert.37
Arrival; Coloured Shadows on the snow; Source of the Arveiron; fall of the Vault; "Sunrise in the Valley of Chamouni;" Scratched Rocks; quarters at the Montanvert
Not a Sea but a River of ice; Wave-forms on its surface; their explanation; Structure and Strata; Glacier Tables; first view of the Dirt Bands; influence of Illumination in rendering them visible; the Eye incapable of detecting differences between intense lights
Measurements commenced; the "Cleft Station" at Trélaporte; Regelation of snow granules; two chamois; view of the Mer de Glace and its Tributaries; Séracs of the Col du Géant; Sliding and Viscous theories; Rending of the ice; Striæ on its surface; White Ice-seams
Alone upon the glacier; Lakes and Rivulets; parallel between Glacier and Geological disturbance; splendid rainbow; aspect of the glacier at the base of the Séracs; visit to the Chief Guide at Chamouni; Liberties granted
Glacier du Talèfre; Jardin divides the névé; Blue Veins near the summit; surrounding scene; Moraines and Avalanches; Cascade du Talèfre; dangers on approaching it from above
Lightning and Rain; Spherical hailstones; an evening among the crevasses; Dangerous Leap; ice-practice; preparations for an ascent of Mont Blanc
11.—First Ascent of Mont Blanc (1857).68
Across the mountain to the Glacier des Bossons; its crevasses; Ladder left behind; consequent difficulties; the Grands Mulets; Twinkling and change of Colour of the Stars; moonlight on the mountains; start with one guide; difficulties among the crevasses; the Petit Plateau; Séracs of the Dôme du Goûter; bad condition of snow; the Grand Plateau; Coloured Spectra round the sun; the lost Guides; the Route missed; dangerous ice-slope; Guide exhausted; cutting steps; cheerless prospect; the Corridor; the Mur de la Côte; the Petits Mulets; food and drink disappear; Physiological experiences on the Calotte; Summit attained; the Clouds and Mountains;