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a performance due in large part to economic reforms adopted in the 1980s. Long-term concerns include climate-change issues such as the depletion of the ozone layer and more frequent droughts, and management and conservation of coastal areas, especially the Great Barrier Reef.

      Geography

       Australia

      Location:

      Oceania, continent between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific

       Ocean

      Geographic coordinates:

      27 00 S, 133 00 E

      Map references:

      Oceania

      Area:

      total: 7,686,850 sq km land: 7,617,930 sq km water: 68,920 sq km note: includes Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island

      Area - comparative:

      slightly smaller than the US contiguous 48 states

      Land boundaries:

      0 km

      Coastline:

      25,760 km

      Maritime claims:

      territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

      Climate:

      generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north

      Terrain:

      mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast

      Elevation extremes:

      lowest point: Lake Eyre −15 m highest point: Mount Kosciuszko 2,229 m

      Natural resources:

      bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, gold, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, petroleum note: Australia is the world's largest net exporter of coal accounting for 29% of global coal exports

      Land use:

      arable land: 6.15% (includes about 27 million hectares of cultivated grassland) permanent crops: 0.04% other: 93.81% (2005)

      Irrigated land:

      25,450 sq km (2003)

      Total renewable water resources:

      398 cu km (1995)

      Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):

      total: 24.06 cu km/yr (15%/10%/75%) per capita: 1,193 cu m/yr (2000)

      Natural hazards:

      cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires

      Environment - current issues:

      soil erosion from overgrazing, industrial development, urbanization, and poor farming practices; soil salinity rising due to the use of poor quality water; desertification; clearing for agricultural purposes threatens the natural habitat of many unique animal and plant species; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is threatened by increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site; limited natural fresh water resources

      Environment - international agreements:

      party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living

       Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate

       Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered

       Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

       Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer

       Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

       Wetlands, Whaling

       signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

      Geography - note:

      world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country; population concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts; the invigorating sea breeze known as the "Fremantle Doctor" affects the city of Perth on the west coast, and is one of the most consistent winds in the world

      People

       Australia

      Population:

      21,007,310 (July 2008 est.)

      Age structure:

      0–14 years: 18.8% (male 2,022,151/female 1,919,002) 15–64 years: 67.9% (male 7,233,555/female 7,038,722) 65 years and over: 13.3% (male 1,266,166/female 1,527,714) (2008 est.)

      Median age:

      total: 37.1 years male: 36.4 years female: 37.9 years (2008 est.)

      Population growth rate:

      1.221% (2008 est.)

      Birth rate:

      12.55 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)

      Death rate:

      6.68 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

      Net migration rate:

      6.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)

      Sex ratio:

      at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15–64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2008 est.)

      Infant mortality rate:

      total: 4.82 deaths/1,000 live births male: 5.15 deaths/1,000 live births female: 4.47 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)

      Life expectancy at birth:

      total population: 81.53 years male: 79.16 years female: 84.02 years (2008 est.)

      Total fertility rate:

      1.78 children born/woman (2008 est.)

      HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

      0.1% (2003 est.)

      HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

      14,000 (2003 est.)

      HIV/AIDS - deaths:

      fewer than 200 (2003 est.)

      Nationality:

      noun: Australian(s) adjective: Australian

      Ethnic groups:

      white 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1%

      Religions:

      Catholic 26.4%, Anglican 20.5%, other Christian 20.5%, Buddhist 1.9%, Muslim 1.5%, other 1.2%, unspecified 12.7%, none 15.3% (2001 Census)

      Languages:

      English 79.1%, Chinese 2.1%, Italian 1.9%, other 11.1%, unspecified 5.8% (2001 Census)

      Literacy:

      definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99% male: 99% female: 99% (2003 est.)

      School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):

      total: 20 years male: 20 years female: 21 years (2006)

      Education expenditures:

      4.5% of GDP (2005)

      Government

       Australia

      Country name:

      conventional long form: Commonwealth of Australia conventional short form: Australia

      Government type:

      federal parliamentary democracy

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