Petroleum Refining Design and Applications Handbook. A. Kayode Coker
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15.1 Refinery and chemical plant layouts (source: (a, b) Coker, A. K. [Lu...Figure 15.2 Distribution of fluid energy in a pipeline.Figure 15.3 Pressure level references. Adapted by permission from Crane Co., Tec...Figure 15.4 Portion of a plant piping system (by permission from Spiral Sarco, I...Figure 15.5 Moody or “regular” Fanning friction factors for any kind and size of...Figure 15.6a Forged steel threaded pipe fittings (water, oil, or gas service). N...Figure 15.6b Forged steel socket weld fittings. WOG (water, oil, or gas service)...Figure 15.6c Forged steel welded—end fittings (source: Tube Turn Technologies, I...Figure 15.6d Dimension comparison of tubing and IPS (iron pipe size) steel pipin...Figure 15.7 Branch connections for welding openings into steel pipe. See Figure ...Figure 15.7a A block diagram for calculating ΔP for a given flow rate/velocity.Figure 15.7b Optimum economic pipe diameter.Figure 15.8a Relative roughness of pipe materials and friction factors for compl...Figure 15.8b Relative roughness of pipe materials and friction factors for compl...Figure 15.9a Resistance coefficients for valves and fittings (source: Hydraulic ...Figure 15.9b Resistance coefficients for valves and fittings (source: Hydraulic ...Figure 15.10 Variation of specific gravity with temperature for various petroleu...Figure 15.11 Viscosity and Newton’s law.Figure 15.12 Vapor pressure chart for various petroleum products (source: E. Sha...Figure 15.13 The Excel spreadsheet snapshot of Example 15.2.Figure 15.14 Configuration of 60°F crude oil conduit system.Figure 15.15a Various tap locations for orifice meter.Figure 15.15b Pipe diameter from the inlet face of the orifice plate. Extracted ...Figure 15.15c Orifice meter with vena contracta formation.Figure 15.15d Flow nozzle with differential gauge.Figure 15.15e Venturi meter.Figure 15.15f Coriolis mass flow meter (source: Micro Motion, Inc. USA).Figure 15.16 Flow coefficients “C” for nozzles. C based on the internal diameter...Figure 15.17 Flow coefficients “C” for squared-edged orifices (source: Crane [4]...Figure 15.18 Orifice discharge coefficient for square-edged orifice and flange, ...Figure 15.19 Piping layout for Example 15.8.Figure 15.20a Piping and instrumentation diagram of the debutanizer unit 1000.Figure 15.20b Piping and instrumentation diagram of the debutanizer pump accumul...Figure 15.21 Pipe flow chart nomogram (source: Sandler, H. J and E. T. Luckiewic...Figure 15.22 Establishing control valve estimated pressure drop.Figure 15.23 Fluid flow through heat exchanger, relief valve, and tail pipe.Figure 15.24 The Excel spreadsheet snapshot of Example 15.13Figure 15.25a Net expansion factor, Y, for compressible flow through pipe to a l...Figure 15.25b Net expansion factor, Y, for compressible flow through pipe to a l...Figure 15.25c Critical pressure ratio, rc, for compressible flow through nozzles...Figure 15.26a Pressure drop in compressible flow lines (reprinted/adapted with p...Figure 15.26b Pressure drop in compressible flow lines (metric units) (reprinted...Figure 15.27a Simplified flow formula for compressible fluids (reprinted/adapted...Figure 15.27b Simplified flow formula for compressible fluids (metric units) (re...Figure 15.28 Steam flow chart (by permission from Walworth Co. Note: Used for es...Figure 15.29a Velocity in compressible flow lines (reprinted/adapted with permis...Figure 15.29b Velocity in compressible flow lines (metric units) (reprinted/adap...Figure 15.30 Discharge coefficients for liquid flow (by permission, Cameron Hydr...Figure 15.31a Flow patterns for horizontal two-phase flow (based on data from 1,...Figure 15.31b Baker parameters for horizontal two-phase flow regimes with modifi...Figure 15.32 Representatives forms of horizontal two-phase flow patterns, same a...Figure 15.33 Lockhart–Martinelli pressure drop correlation (source: Lockhart–Mar...Figure 15.34 Estimating pressure drop in uphill sections of pipeline for two-pha...Figure 15.35 Configurations of piping for sample problem of Example 15.24 [56].Figure 15.36 Excel spreadsheet calculation of Example 15.25.Figure 15.37 Flow patterns in vertical liquid–gas flow (source: S. M. Walas, Che...Figure 15.38 Slug/forth transition in concurrent vertical upflow of air–water mi...Figure 15.39 Evaluation curves for friction losses of air steam flowing turbulen...Figure 15.40 Friction factor for streamlined flow of air at absolute pressures f...Figure 15.41 Absolute viscosity of air (source: Standard for Steam Jet Ejectors,...Figure 15.42 Typical flow velocities for vacuum lines. Note: 1 torr = 1.33 mb = ...Figure 15.43 Acceptable pressure losses between the vacuum vessel and the vacuum...Figure 15.44 Typical steam condensate flashing operation.Figure 15.45 Sarco flashing steam condensate line sizing flow chart (source: Spi...Figure 15.46 Flashing steam condensate line sizing chart (source: Ruskin, R. P.,...Figure 15.47 Line size sheet. Example of pressure drop for a vapor system, Examp...Figure 15.48 Pressure drop, Dowtherm “A” ® vapor in steel pipe (by permission fr...Figure 15.49 Process flow diagram of the Case study using PIPESYS software (cour...Figure 15.50a Flowing pressure profile of Pipe-100.Figure 15.50b Flowing temperature profile of Pipe-100.Figure 15.50c Flowing pressure profile of Pipe-101.Figure 15.50d Flowing temperature profile of Pipe-101.
3 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Cross-sectional view of a vertical inline pump (by permission from K...Figure 16.2 Turbine pump (courtesy of Roth Pump Co.).Figure 16.3 Centrifugal pump increases process head by adding energy to a fluid....Figure 16.4 Head required to produce similar pressures is higher for lower densi...Figure 16.5 Impeller types. Open impeller for corrosive or abrasive slurries and...Figure 16.6 Stuffing box details lined pump with porcelain or Teflon® shaft slee...Figure 16.7 Packed stuffing box (courtesy of Dean Brothers Pumps, Inc.).Figure 16.8a Basic components of all mechanical seals (by permission from Adams,...Figure 16.8b The three sealing points in mechanical seals (by permission from Sn...Figure 16.9 (a) Double mechanical seal, two rotary elements against common stati...Figure 16.9 (c) Typical seal flush arrangement for double mechanical seals.Figure 16.9 (d) Typical seal flush arrangement for tandem mechanical seals.Figure 16.10 Typical single mechanical seal inside pump stuffing box (courtesy o...Figure 16.11 Area relationship for unbalanced seal construction (by permission f...Figure 16.12 Area relationship for balanced seal construction (by permission fro...Figure 16.13 Single outside balanced seal (courtesy of Durametallic Corp.).Figure 16.14 General service centrifugal pump (courtesy of Dean Brothers Pumps, ...Figure 16.15 Cut-a-way section of single-stage pump, Part 1 (above) enclosed typ...Figure 16.16 Comparison of impeller types for centrifugal pump performance (adap...Figure 16.17 Performance of turbine type centrifugal pump (courtesy of Roy E. Ro...Figure 16.18 Characteristics of a centrifugal pump are described by the pump per...Figure 16.19 Impeller performance guide. Wrap refers to curvature of vanes on im...Figure 16.20a Operating point for centrifugal pumps in series [38].Figure 16.20b Operating curves of two duplicate centrifugal pumps in series and ...Figure 16.21a Typical centrifugal pump curves (adapted by permission from Allis-...Figure 16.21b Typical performance curves showing NPSHR in convenient form (by pe...Figure 16.21c Exact same pump casing and impellers at different shaft speeds (by...Figure 16.21d Operating point for centrifugal pumps in parallel [38].Figure 16.21e Pump sizing calculation (SI units) for reflux centrifugal pump of ...Figure 16.22 Motor driven centrifugal pump for the pre-flashed crude in the crud...Figure 16.23 Main distillation tower and a mild vacuum column with associated ce...Figure 16.24a Comparison of columns of various liquids to register 43.3 psig on ...Figure 16.24b Comparison of columns of various liquids to register 3.0 barg on p...Figure 16.25 Suction head system.Figure 16.26 Suction lift system.Figure 16.27a Static head, overall