Applications and Metrology at Nanometer-Scale 2. Abdelkhalak El Hami

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Applications and Metrology at Nanometer-Scale 2 - Abdelkhalak El Hami


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Reliability of Multiphysical Systems Set

      coordinated by

      Abdelkhalak El Hami

      Volume 10

      Applications and Metrology at Nanometer Scale 2

       Measurement Systems, Quantum Engineering and RBDO Method

      Pierre Richard Dahoo

      Philippe Pougnet

      Abdelkhalak El Hami

      First published 2021 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

      Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

      ISTE Ltd

      27-37 St George’s Road

      London SW19 4EU

      UK

       www.iste.co.uk

      John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

      111 River Street

      Hoboken, NJ 07030

      USA

       www.wiley.com

      © ISTE Ltd 2021

      The rights of Pierre-Richard Dahoo, Philippe Pougnet and Abdelkhalak El Hami to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

      Library of Congress Control Number: 2020950471

      British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

      A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

      ISBN 978-1-78630-687-6

      Preface

      At the nanoscale, properties of matter cannot be explained by the laws of classical physics. To build models capable of interpreting the properties of matter on this scale, it is necessary to rely on the principles of quantum mechanics. The radical concepts of quantum mechanics and the development of nanotechnologies have contributed to the emergence of quantum engineering and a quantum information science.

      Quantum engineering includes very sensitive materials and sensors that open up new fields of application, nanometer-sensitive measurement systems based on photonics and communication systems that perform well in terms of security. Quantum computing includes quantum computers and the development of new algorithms. Quantum computers are made up of quantum systems with two energy levels that follow the same laws of behavior as atoms or electrons enabling, with the development of quantum computing algorithms, performance that cannot be achieved with classical computers. Quantum technologies, nanotechnologies and nanoscience are identified as the sources of disruptive innovations that will bring technologies considered essential in the 21st Century.

      This book is intended for master’s and PhD students, engineering students, professors and researchers in materials science and experimental studies, as well as for industrialists of large groups and SMEs in the electronics, IT, mechatronics, or optical or electronic materials fields.

      Chapter 1 deals with optical systems that enable measurements to be made on a nanoscale: the Fabry–Pérot cavity, homodyne interferometry, heterodyne interferometry, the optical lambda meter and ellipsometry with a rotating analyzer. The emphasis is on applications through exercises or analysis of study results on the use of interference techniques to study matter and materials.

      Chapter 2 presents models of quantum physics that describe how a quantum two-energy level system interacts with its environment. As a free particle such as the electron that interacts with an external magnetic field with its spin, the derivation of the concept of spin from the Dirac equation is explained, which is the subject of an application exercise. The concept of density matrix (definition, propagation, equation of motion) is then presented and applied to a laser system with two energy levels and to a set of atoms interacting with the oscillating electric field of an electromagnetic wave. Finally, the Ising phenomenological model is presented, which is the subject of an application exercise.

      Chapter 4 presents a reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) method of mechanical structures. This method guarantees a balance between the cost of defining the system and the assurance of its performance under the planned conditions of use. It is based on taking into account uncertainties and on the simultaneous resolution of two issues: optimizing the cost of producing structures performing the expected functions while ensuring a sufficient probability of operation under conditions of use (reliability). The RBDO method is applied to the optimization of the parameters of several mechanical components and of a printed circuit of an electronic board, and to ensure the reliability of the estimate of the measurement of the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube structures (Young’s modulus of elasticity).

      Pierre Richard DAHOO

      Philippe POUGNET

      Abdelkhalak EL HAMI

      November 2020

      Introduction

      The


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