The Great War (All 8 Volumes). Various Authors
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of hatching a conspiracy, but Russia served him well and intervention saved him. To him, in no slight degree, does Serbia owe Russia's friendship, and to his efforts has been attributed the Balkan Alliance.
Patchou, Dr. Laza: Acting Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs.
Boschkovitch: Minister to Great Britain.
Vesnitch, M. R.: Minister to France.
Spalaikovitch, Dr. M.: Minister to Russia.
Yovanovitch, Dr. M.: Chargé d'Affaires in Germany.
Yovanovitch, Yov. M.: Minister to Austria-Hungary.
Georgevitch, M.: Chargé d'Affaires in Turkey.
Michailovitch, Ljub: Minister to Italy.
ITALY
Victor Emmanuel (Vittorio Emanuele) III.: King.
San Giuliano, Antonio di, Marquis: Minister Foreign Affairs. Born Catania, December 10, 1852; Mayor Catania, 1879; member Chamber Deputies, 1882–1904; Senate, 1904; Under-Secretary for Industry and Commerce, 1892–3; Minister Posts and Telegraph, 1899–1900; Minister Foreign Affairs, 1905–6; Ambassador, London, 1906–10; Minister Foreign Affairs, 1910. His opposition to war with Austria precipitated his downfall. Said to be the repository of more European secrets than any European statesman since Bismarck.
D'Avarna, Duke: Ambassador to Austria-Hungary.
Salandra: Premier. Appointed November 5, 1914.
Sonnino, Baron Sidney: Minister Foreign Affairs. Born March 11, 1847; entered Diplomatic Service, 1867; Parliament, 1880; Minister Finance, 1893–4; Treasury, 1894–96; Interior, 1906 and 1909–10; Foreign Affairs, November 5, 1914.
JAPAN
Yoshihito: Emperor.
Shigenobu Okuma, Count: Prime Minister.
Takaaki Kato, Baron: Minister Foreign Affairs.
GERMANY
William (Wilhelm) II.: Kaiser of Germany, King of Prussia.
Bethmann-Hollweg, Dr. Theobald von: Imperial Chancellor. Born November 29, 1856, at Hohenfinow, Brandenburg; entered Civil Service, 1879; Prussian Minister Interior, 1905; Imperial Secretary of State and Vice President of Prussian Council, 1907; Imperial Chancellor, 1909; member of Reichstag since 1890. His actions before the present war seemed to indicate an earnest desire for the peace of Europe; he appeared to oppose the military party and align himself with the moderates. His manner is frank to the point of bluffness.
Jagow, Gottlieb von: Secretary of State. Born June 26, 1863; entered Diplomatic Service, 1895, at Rome; Minister to Rome, 1907; Ambassador, 1908; Minister Foreign Affairs, 1913; credited with postponing the inevitable conflict between Italy and Austria while at Rome.
Zimmerman, von: Under-Secretary of State. Appointed 1911; previously Vice Consul Shanghai; Consul at Tientsin and in Diplomatic Corps.
Lichnowsky, Prince Karl Maximilian: Ambassador to Great Britain. Born 1860; Attaché, London, 1885; Counsellor Embassy, Vienna; Foreign Office, Berlin; Ambassador to London, 1912. Member Roman Catholic party. Did all he could to prevent rupture between Great Britain and Germany. Was very popular in England.
Schoen, Baron Wilhelm von: Ambassador to France. Born June 3, 1851; entered Diplomatic Service, 1877; Madrid, Hague, Athens, Berne, Paris, Copenhagen, St. Petersburg; Ambassador, Paris, 1910.
Pourtalès, Count Frederic: Ambassador to Russia. Born October 24, 1853; appointed St. Petersburg, 1908.
Tschirschky, Heinrich von: Ambassador to Austria-Hungary. Born August 15, 1858; entered Diplomatic Service, 1873; Constantinople, Vienna, St. Petersburg; Ambassador to Vienna, 1907.
Below Saleske, Konrad von: Minister to Belgium. Born April 18, 1866; Secretary Legation, Athens; Ambassador, Constantinople, 1907.
Storck, von: Secretary Legation in Serbia.
Flotow, Hans von: Ambassador to Italy. Born September 10, 1862; entered Diplomatic Service, 1893; Second Secretary Legation, Washington, Hague, Paris.
Buch, von: Minister to Luxemburg.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
Francis Joseph (Franz Josef): Emperor.
Berchtold, Count Leopold: Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. Born April 18, 1863; saw Diplomatic Service in Paris. London; Ambassador to St. Petersburg, 1906; appointed Secretary of State, 1914; emulated his predecessor, Count d'Herenthal, the annexor of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in strong foreign policy.
Macchio, Dr. K., Baron: Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.
Forgach, Count: Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. Diplomatic Service in Belgrade and Dresden.
Tisza, Count Stephen: President of the Ministry of Hungary. Born April 22, 1861; served as President Ministry, 1903–06.
Mensdorff, A.: Ambassador to Great Britain. Born September 5, 1861; Diplomatic Service in Paris, London, St. Petersburg; Secretary Ambassador, London, 1896–1904; Minister Plenipotentiary, 1903–04; Ambassador, 1904.
Szécsen, Count Nicolaus: Ambassador to France.
Szápáry, Count Josef: Ambassador to Russia.
Czernin, Count Jaromir: Chargé d'Affaires, Russia.
Szögyény, Count Ladislaus: Ambassador to Germany.
Zehlitschka: Consul General in Turkey.
Clary, S., Count: Minister to Belgium.
Giesl von Gieslingen, Baron: Minister to Serbia.
Hoflehner: Consular Agent at Nish, Serbia.
TURKEY
Mohammed V: Sultan.
Said Halim Pasha, Prince: Grand Vizier.
Tewfik Pasha: Ambassador to Great Britain.
NEUTRAL NATIONS
Loudon: Dutch Minister for Foreign Affairs.
Eyschen, Dr.: Minister of State and President of the Government of Luxemburg.
Gerard, James Watson: American Ambassador to Germany.
Penfield, Frederic Courtland: American Ambassador to Austria-Hungary.
Whitlock, Brand: American Minister to Belgium.
It will be convenient for the reader, before entering into the diplomatic history of the war, to have before him the dates of the war marking diplomatic crises.
IMPORTANT DATES PRECEDING THE WAR
June 28, 1914. Assassination of Austrian hereditary Archduke Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo, Bosnia.
July 23, 1914. Austria-Hungary hands note to Serbia.
July 24, 1914. Russia proposes extension of time limit in note; decides on mobilization in South Bosnia; and seeks unconditional support of Great Britain in conflict with Austria-Hungary. Great Britain proposes four-power intervention.
July 25, 1914. Austria-Hungary sends memorandum to powers containing dossier of evidence discovered at Sarajevo trial, and declares dispute lies wholly between her and Serbia. Serbia replies to note, having previously ordered mobilization. Austro-Hungarian Legation leaves Belgrade. Germany refuses to enter mediation between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, wishing to "localize" the conflict, and proposes mediation of powers between Russia and Austria-Hungary. Russia mobilizes fourteen army corps on Austro-Hungarian frontier. Great Britain asks Austria-Hungary