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angle estimation for arm exercises in co...

      4 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Number of configurations for six groups of TAM.Table 4.2 Clinical significance between the proposed system and universal gon...Table 4.3 The internal reliability of the proposed system.Table 4.4 Internal clinical significance of the proposed system and the unive...Table 4.5 Time of measurement per joint.Table 4.6 Normal active ROM of a finger according to the American Society for...Table 4.7 Task‐specific positions of the joints of the hand: fingers.Table 4.8 Range of movement of participants 6, 7 and 10.Table 4.9 Comparison of execution time between the explicit method and kinema...Table 4.10 Reachable space areas computed by the Scan‐line Fill method (SLF) ...

      5 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Quantitative evaluation of the Doppler radar signal with the refere...Table 5.2 Doppler radar signals from various types of breathing scenarios.Table 5.3 Polynomial modelling and DTW performance evaluation.Table 5.4 Evaluation of Doppler radar measurements with the respiration belt ...Table 5.5 Evaluation of Doppler radar measurements compared to respiration be...Table 5.6 Coefficient comparison on Doppler radar signal with spirometer.Table 5.7 Evaluation of a DWT approximation component and an FIR LPF output s...Table 5.8 Performance evaluation on five additional subjects with different m...Table 5.9 Performance evaluation on FastICA using different non‐linearityg fu...Table 5.10 Non‐linearity of theg function.Table 5.11 Performance evaluation on different BSS algorithms separated sourc...

      List of Illustrations

      1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 The demonstration of the passive and active locomotor system. Sou...Figure 1.2 Functional description of the brain motor cortex.Figure 1.3 Appearance and components of Kinect version 1. Source: Evan‐Amos,...Figure 1.4 The pinhole camera model of Kinect version 1 [373]. Source: From ...Figure 1.5 An example of the projected pattern of bright spots on an object ...Figure 1.6 Appearance of Kinect version 2. Source: Evan‐Amos, Image taken fr...Figure 1.7 The physiotherapist monitoring the exercise on his patient remote...Figure 1.8 Pictures of animals. Sources: (a) Xsens; (b) Amazon; (c) MotionNo...Figure 1.9 Locations of five sensors worn by a subject. Source: Cancela et a...Figure 1.10 Pictures of animals. Source: Durfee et al. [102]. © 2009, ASME....Figure 1.11 Marker‐based hand tacking system. Source: Cordella et al. [78]....Figure 1.12 The process of predicting clinical scores from 14 features.

      2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Virtual human mimicking the movements of a real human with data c...Figure 2.2 (a) Four instances where the two Kinect systems may have missing ...Figure 2.3 Information theoretic assessment of Kinect^© orientation.Figure 2.4 Filter performance improvement against multiple Kinects^© sub...Figure 2.5 The relationship between

, α and M in the cases with and wi...Figure 2.6 Experimental setup: Vicon and Multi‐Kinect^© system. Source: ...Figure 2.7 Averaged RMSEs (

,

) over the same type of exercises conducted b...Figure 2.8 Averaged relative improvement percentages (

,

) of multi‐Kinect^©...Figure 2.9 Errors of two‐Kinect^© fusion with missing data. The temporal...Figure 2.10 Cloud‐based exercise monitoring and performance assessment with ...Figure 2.11 Average RMSE and performance measures of two Kinect‐fusions with...Figure 2.12 Three‐level syntactic description framework for building languag...Figure 2.13 Shape model. Here the locus of points in the 2D κ‐τ sp...Figure 2.14 Dynamic model. Here the speed along the trajectory, v, is indexe...Figure 2.15 Three motions used in experiments of this work. (a, b) Linear mo...Figure 2.16 Two helical trajectories with the same orientation and shape, bu...Figure 2.17 Shape models: (a) for the trajectory in Figure 2.16(a) and (b) f...Figure 2.18 Dynamic models: (a) for the trajectory in Figure 2.16(a), (b) fo...Figure 2.19 Examples of commonly used techniques with features considered fo...Figure 2.20 A diagrammatic view of the experimental setup.Figure 2.21 Real‐data experiment setup image. The top image shows the setup ...Figure 2.22 These three graphs show trajectories in three levels. The left o...Figure 2.23 The smoothness level of trajectories, which is represented by on...Figure 2.24 The metric given by these approaches tends to illustrate the con...Figure 2.25 Sensitivity comparison of the five approaches with respect to th...Figure 2.26 Robustness comparison of the five approaches with respect to the...Figure 2.27 Examples of trajectories (first three rows), shape models, inclu...Figure 2.28 The distributions of durations utilised to finish the reaching t...

      3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Block diagram of the algorithm.Figure 3.2 RMSE of the estimated angle.Figure 3.3 The error in estimated angle against the uncertainty bias (

).Figure 3.4 The RMSE subjected to introduced noise.Figure 3.5 Percentage improvement due to quaternion optimisation.Figure 3.6 Experiment setup and procedure: the sensor and marker are worn on...Figure 3.7 RMSE in angle estimation for forward extension exercise in compar...Figure 3.8 Filter performance comparison: RMSE in angle estimation for the u...

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Position of phalangeal joints. Source: Trieu Pham.Figure 4.2 For a fixed base position of the metacarpal phalangeal joint

, t...Figure 4.3 The Creative Senz3D Camera. Source: Trieu Pham.Figure 4.4 Setup of the measurement system.Figure 4.5 Geometry model of the finger.Figure 4.6 Simulation results for accuracy improvement of the TAM and PIP.Figure 4.7 The left hand of the man was measured by our system. Source: Trie...Figure 4.8 Extension and flexion positions of the hand in the tracking appli...Figure 4.9 Parametric description for the index finger.Figure 4.10 Simulation of a reachable space of fingertips for a normal hand ...Figure 4.11 Finger model in the finger plane.Figure 4.12 Reachable space of fingertips in two dimensions is built using b...Figure 4.13 Measurement results of three declination angles of the index fin...Figure 4.14 Measurement results of three declination angles are represented ...Figure 4.15 Measurement results represented in the form of a reachable space...Figure 4.16 The task‐specific sub‐spaces associated with the task‐specific p...Figure 4.17 Range of movements of participants 6, 7 and 10 and the functiona...Figure 4.18 Range of movements of the 6th, 7th and 10th participants and the...

      5 Chapter

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