Developmental Psychopathology. Группа авторов

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       Chapter 4 Insecure Attachment and Related Difficulties

       Amanda Venta and Anna Abate

      We will begin by introducing attachment theory in order to provide a lens through which to think about the other topics covered in this book. Attachment refers to a biologically based instinct to seek a caregiver when in need of safety, security, and/or comfort (Bowlby, 1960). Attachment theory is heavily influential in research related to child development, psychopathology, and treatment and is not exclusively related to one psychological disorder. Thus, in this chapter we will use the term attachment styles to describe categories of attachment behavior and avoid confusing them with specific disorders. After defining attachment styles, we will focus on how psychopathology relates to attachment styles and on the development of insecure attachments. Often, attachment issues and emerging psychopathology go hand‐in‐hand, making attachment theory a critical piece of developmental psychopathology.

      Case study in attachment issues and behavioral difficulties

      Ivan is a six‐year‐old Hispanic boy who lives with his grandparents. He first lived with his young mother who regularly used narcotics, left Ivan alone for long periods of time, and struggled to provide adequate food, water, and shelter for the family. Ivan was removed from the home by child welfare when he was three years old. His mother’s parental rights were terminated and his grandparents adopted him. Ivan currently has no contact with his mother. His grandparents have struggled with how to manage Ivan’s behavioral difficulties since they adopted him; he cries, yells loudly, breaks things when he is frustrated and behaves aggressively when they try to comfort him. Ivan’s grandparents also worry about his social development, noting that he has behavioral issues at school (e.g., tantrums) and tends to be rude and physically aggressive towards peers.

       As the clinician seeing this family, what diagnoses would you consider? Discuss how Ivan’s early experiences with his mother might underlie his current difficulties and use this information to guide how you might intervene to treat Ivan’s behaviors.

Flowchart depicts the control Systems Model of the Attachment Behavioral System Reprinted with permission of The American Psychological Association from Fraley and Speiker (2003a).

      Source: Fraley and Speiker (2003a). Reproduced with permissions of American Psychological Association.

Tabular representation of the ways in Which Attachment Manifests Behaviorally Across Development

      Source: Fraley and Speiker (2003a). Reproduced with permissions of American Psychological Association.


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