1 Why Wi-Fi Matters

      When catastrophe strikes, we see communication in new ways. January 2020 was high summer in the southern hemisphere. Holiday makers, together with their smartphones, flocked to the beaches and camping grounds of the Australian coast. But, after years of drought and record high temperatures linked to global warming, the forests were on fire. Hot days, dry air, parched bush, and gusty winds created the conditions for huge, fast-moving fires. Ancient rainforests which had never experienced fire were lost. The fires isolated and burned through small townships. They left thousands of people homeless and stranded. With roads blocked by fire and fallen trees, people were trapped in small coastal communities for many days. There they managed as best they could, sheltering on beaches, making do in tents, sheds, and caravans.

      Months later, when eventually the fires were controlled or extinguished by rain, the damage to people, wildlife, and the environment was immense: 186,000 square kilometres were burnt and 5,900 buildings were lost. Thirty-four people died, and an estimated 3 billion animals were killed or displaced. As well as burning bush and buildings, the fire ravaged the essential infrastructure people rely on: power lines, water supplies, roads, and communications. The fire destroyed cellular phone towers and landlines. Fixed and mobile broadband services failed, leaving homes, visitors, and businesses without internet. Destruction led to disconnection. Electronic payment systems and cash machines could not be used; health records could not be accessed.

A crisis of this kind reveals not only the central importance of modern communication networks for our safety, security, and economic and social connections, but also their fragility. It uncovers both remarkable adaptive capabilities and fundamental weaknesses. The gaps appear between our settled expectations of communication and the unpredictability of events. In the immediate aftermath of the fires, reconnection to communication was a critical priority. Stop-gap solutions depended on what was damaged and what resources could be readily used. If cell-phone towers or exchanges were undamaged but power supplies were destroyed, back-up power could be provided, sometimes with the help of the fire services. Where cellular networks were available, telecommunications companies could increase data allowances or make other concessions to users. If public phone booths were functioning, they could be reconfigured as public Wi-Fi base stations. Wireless communication networks could stand in for burnt-out fixed lines. Australia’s national broadband network offered access to its satellite internet service through trucks which combined a mobile satellite connection, Wi-Fi base stations, laptops, and charging points for mobile devices.

      As we finished this book, some months after the fires, a number of these mobile connection units were still in place in small towns across the fireground, parked in public spaces, reserves, and camping grounds. They continued to provide essential communications while