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exposure experiment (Moll et al. 2016).

Table 2.1 Influence of TiO₂ nanoparticles on plants, seed treatment.

Size (diameter in nm)	Plant species, length of exposure	Effect of concentration	Impact	References
No effect	Positive	Negative
n.a.	Spinacia oleraces, 48 h	n.a.	250–4000 mg/L	4000−8000 mg/L	Increased germination, germination index, seedling dry weight, vigor indexDecreased germination, germination index, seedling dry weight, vigor index	Zheng et al. (2005)
5	Spinacia oleraces, 48 h	n.a.	300 mg/L	n.a.	Increase in plant fresh and dry weightIncrease in amount of Rubisco activase	Gao et al. (2008)
n.a.	Oryza sativa, 24–72 h	100, 500, 1000 mg/L	n.a.	n.a.	Slight decrease in root length at 2‐ and 3‐day exposure	Boonyanitipong et al. (2011)
<50	Cucumis sativus, 6 days	n.a.	n.a.	100–5000 mg/L	Decrease in germination, germination index	Mushtaq (2011)
<100	Vicia narbonensis, Zea mays 24 h	n.a.	n.a.	200–4000 mg/L	Decrease in root elongationDecrease in mitotic indexIncrease in aberration index	Ruffini Castiglione et al. (2011)
21	a Triticum aestivum, 8 days	1, 100, 500 mg/L	2, 10 mg/L	n.a.	Mean germination time loweredIncrease in shoot length	Feizi et al. (2012)
21	a Foeniculum vulgare, 14 days	80 mg/L	5, 20, 40, 60 mg/L	n.a.	Mean germination time loweredGermination percentage, germination value, vigor index and mean daily germination improved	Feizi et al. (2013b)
21	a Salvia officinalis, 21 days	5, 20, 40, 80 mg/L	60 mg/L	n.a.	Mean germination time loweredGermination percentage improved	Feizi et al. (2013a)
15, 25, 32	Linum usitatissimum, 24 h seed germination, 48 h root biomass, 72 h root biomass, and length	n.a.	100 mg/L (25 and 32 nm only)	0.01−100 mg/L	Inhibition of germinationDecrease in root length and biomassIncrease in root growth and germination (25 and 32 nm only)	Clément et al. (2013)
27	Solanum lycopersicum, 48 h	50–5000 mg/L	n.a.	n.a.	No effect on germination	Song et al. (2013)
35	Pisum sativum, 24 h	100, 250, 500, 750, 1000 mg/L	n.a.	n.a.	No effect on the germination	Fan et al. (2014)
25	a Nicotiana tabacum, 21 days	n.a.	n.a.	1000, 10 000 mg/L	Decrease in root lengthChanges in microRNA expression	Frazier et al. (2014)
25	a Hordeum vulgare 7 days	500, 1000 mg/L	n.a.	2000 mg/L	Elevated reactive oxygen species within plant	Mattiello et al. (2015)
23	a Allium cepa, Avena sativa, Brassica oleracea capitate, Cucumis sativus, Daucus carota, Glycine max, Lactuca sativa, Lolium perenne, Solanum lycopersicum, Zea mays, 24 h + variable time period	250, 500, 1000 mg/L	250 mg/L (B. oleracea) 500 mg/L (B. oleracea, A. cepa) 1000 mg/L (A, sativa, C. sativus, A. cepa)	250 mg/L (C. sativus, G. max, Z. mays) 500 mg/L (A. sativa, Z. mays) 1000 mg/L (C. sativus, Z. mays)	Decreased or increased germination (4 species)Decreased or increased cotyledon presence (4 species)Decreased or increased average root length (6 species)	Andersen et al. (2016)
21, 10 nm and 10 000 nm nanowire	Sinapis alba, 72 h	10, 100, 1000 mg/L	n.a.	n.a.	No effect on germination	Landa et al. (2016)
<10, <100	Vicia faba, 72 h	n.a.	50 mg/L (<10 nm)	50 mg/L (<100 nm)	Stimulation of germination process (<10 nm)Oxidative stress, genotoxicity (<100 nm)	Ruffini Castiglione et al. (2016)

      n.a: Not available

      ^a Both seed treatment and prolonged exposure.

Table 2.2 Influence of TiO₂ nanoparticles on plants, hydroponic exposure.

Size (diameter in nm)	Plant species, length of exposure	Скачать книгу В начало<13141516171819202122>В конец