Urban Ecology and Global Climate Change. Группа авторов
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in the battle against CVD (though it is a never‐ending battle) (World Heart Federation 2015). In India, the ‘Mobilising Youth for Tobacco‐Related Initiatives’ (MYTRI) are effective school‐based tobacco control programmes that aim to expand tobacco control awareness and intervention in order to change behaviour patterns (Sidhu et al. 2018). Increased rates of CVD have been linked to industrial development, alterations in eating and exercise habits, cigarette smoking, and weight gain (Kumar et al. 2006). In Australia, a new law began to show up on 1 July 2012, authorising all smoking goods to be delivered in plain packaging. The aim of these new amendments is to minimise the use of such packages for marketing and promotions, enhance the functioning of safety warnings, discourage any use of deceitful wrapping to generate delusional ideas about smoking performance and quality, reduce tobacco consumption and absorption, and eradicate strong bonds with brand names (Maric et al. 2021). Commercials in the press and training programmes may assist in countering business tricks. Adults could be persuaded to quit smoking by advertising and awareness campaigns, thus having a significant impact on youth, or individuals could be alerted about the hazards of passive smoking, eventually trying to shield children from second‐hand smoke. Anti‐tobacco commercials and graphical packaging warnings – especially those with images – often lower the quantity of minors taking up smoking and expand the number of smokers dropping. Like many governments, the Indian government is also taking steps such as charging people who smoke in open areas. Despite the fact that there are many alternatives for adolescents to become more healthy, such as biking or commuting to work, this is not a possibility for them until congested road strategies or improvements to city infrastructures to include cycle tracks or large sidewalks are enacted (Figure 2.5). However, these are common practices in European and American nations.
The physical, financial, and social environments of many urban dwellers, especially young people, are driving them to lead pseudo lives in the light of drastic shifts in rapid and unplanned urban growth, as we are currently witnessing. Good infrastructure and working environments, food security and access to nutrient‐dense foods, enhanced access to medical care, open environments for regular exercise, and education about physiological well‐being and balanced living are only a handful of the many health determinants that should be resolved by government and societal action to encourage overall health. Groups of people and communities will profit massively from such actions: better family employment, reduced capital rates, and exacerbation of the emotional and behavioural problems associated with cardiometabolic syndrome are only a few of the advantages to be achieved. There is indeed a larger, right to life incentive for towns to act decisively against CVD. The ‘Universal Declaration of Human Rights’ (United Nations 1948) was published by the United Nations in 1948. Article 25 states that everyone has the right to a certain quality of living that is suitable for his or her health and well‐being, including food, clothes, accommodation, medical treatment, and other required social services. Daily workout (3–5 days a week; 30–60 minutes a day), along with improved food safety and an intake of 500 calorie restriction a day, is the first phase of treatment. Weight loss by dietary restriction, independent of diet composition, is the most significant nutritional factor in lowering cardiometabolic rate (CMR) (Brunzell et al. 2008).
When communities increase in popularity, maintaining, and extending healthy and smoke‐free open areas – such as playgrounds becomes extremely important to ensure suitable areas for the family‐sports and physical activities. For the community, urban sprawl may either offer a benefit or a reward. The cost: cardiometabolic syndrome‐related suffering which could have been eliminated, costing both social and political opportunity. The pledge: CVD mitigation, empowering urbanites to excel. Since the future has yet to be understood, we must work together to make sure that the societies of the long run are healthy environments for everyone.
2.5 Climate Change as a Risk Factor to Increase the Occurrence of Cardiometabolic Syndrome
2.5.1 Changing Climate Is One of the World's Principal Concerns
When the average weather, extreme weather, and its distribution across the globe see a statistically significant shift, it is termed as climate change (Wu et al. 2016). The main influencing causes are changes in one or more factors that decide the status of weather. These factors include temperature, precipitation, wind, and sunshine (Kim and Grafakos 2019). Climate change is our biggest concern nowadays as the human race, specifically impacted by non‐negligible human physical activities. According to the European Environment Agency (EEA), the global average surface temperature has increased by 0.74 °C in the twentieth century, the global sea level has been rising 1.8 mm per year since 1961, and the Arctic sea ice has been shrinking by 2.7% per decade. Moreover, mountain glaciers are contracting, ocean water is becoming more acidic, and extreme weather events occur more often (Weng et al. 2014; Yang et al. 2013). This changing climate has created a great deal of concern for people prone to heart disease as the unpredictable weather has adverse effects on our physiology and blood flow rate such as oxidative stress, low‐grade inflammation, vascular dysfunction, etc., which creates stress on the heart and increases the risk of cardiometabolic disease especially in aged people and people with a history in diseases (Münzel et al. 2017c).
2.5.2 Indicators That Have Been Predominant Contributors to Climate Change
The most significant factor for the drastic climate change that has been seen across the globe are primarily due to human activities. Greenhouse gas emission is the predominant reason for the global warming threat that we all are dealing with today among which CO2 is the largest contributor. With existing climate change policies and the sustainable development practices, we follow global greenhouse gas emissions are likely to grow in the coming years (Metz et al. 2007). The emitted greenhouse gas is the prevalent cause of the changing climate especially the rise in temperature which is recognised to be a significant risk factor for people with diabetes and hypertension. By promoting the hypertension and diabetes, environmental factors may contribute substantially to the development and enhancement of cardiometabolic diseases (Münzel et al. 2017b, 2017c).
2.5.3 Health Impacts of Climate Change
Today, sustainable development is the biggest challenge to humans as a race. Unambiguous climatic changes have direct impacts on human health (Costello et al. 2009; Epstein 2001), especially when infectious, respiratory, and CVD including cardiometabolic syndrome are taken into account (Altizer et al. 2013; Bouzid et al. 2014). Most pathogens require vector carriers or hosts for their lifecycle. Drastic climate and weather conditions facilitate the survival, reproduction, distribution, and transmission of these and as a result, the disease. These co‐morbid infectious diseases can certainly exaggerate the complications of cardiometabolic syndrome. Thus changing climate has a huge impact on these infectious and non‐infectious diseases especially cardiometabolic diseases (Kim 2016). Patients that are at a risk for CVD are hit severely by fluctuating climates as well as the pollutants present in the air which directly impact the blood pressure and put these patients at a great risk (Laden et al. 2006).
In many parts of the world, the extreme weather conditions that are a product of the greenhouse gas emission has also created a barrier in people being able to go out and exercise which has a direct impact on the heart health as it increases obesity (Moellering and Smith 2012). High temperature also seems to have an impact on the blood pressure reading creating stress on the heart and increasing chances of cardiometabolic and CVD (Noordam et al. 2019).
2.5.4 Potential Method for Improvement of Cardiometabolic Disorder Conditions by Reducing Greenhouse Gases
Cardiometabolic syndrome and CVD are a huge concern for the human welfare sector of our society and represent the most threatening chunk of non‐communicable disease‐related deaths. It is obvious to us that the severely changing climate contribute drastically to global ischemic heart disease and stroke incidences, and is thought to have an even more significant impact worldwide. However, changes on our part have greatly contributed to contribute to the wellbeing of those who are greatly at risk. Strict air