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in a/an or the where necessary.
1. In 1950, James Maxwell and Reynolds et al. found that ___ critical temperature of __superconductor depends on ___ of ___constituent . 2. In 1962 ___ first commercial superconducting wire, ___ - alloy, was developed by researchers at Westinghouse Electric Corporation. 3. Brian Josephson made ___ important theoretical prediction that ___ supercurrent can flow between two pieces of superconductor separated by __thin layer of insulator. 4. Josephson was awarded ___Nobel Prize for this work in 1973. 5. Johannes Bednorz and Karl Müller discovered superconductivity in __-based cuprate perovskite material, which had __transition temperature of 35 K (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1987).
Put the verb into the correct form.
1. The of a metallic ____gradually as the temperature is lowered.( decrease) 2. The resistance of a superconductor, on the other hand, ___abruptly to zero when the material is cooled below a temperature called its "critical temperature". (drop) 3. Superconductivity _____in a wide variety of materials, including simple elements like and , various metallic , and certain kinds of ceramic materials. (occur) 4. In 1986, the discovery of HTS, with critical temperatures in excess of 90 K, ____interest and research in superconductivity for several reasons. (renew) 5.The next important step in understanding superconductivity ____in 1933, when Walter Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld ____ that superconductors ___magnetic fields.(occurr/discover/ apply)
Put the verb into the most suitable passive form.
1.Superconductivity ____ in 1911 by and _____by exactly zero and exclusion of the interior .
(discover/ characterize) 2. Superconductors ____to make some of the most powerful electromagnets known to man, including those used in MRI machines. (use) 3.They ___also ___to make digital circuits, highly sensitive magnetometers, and filters for mobile phone base stations. (use) 4. They ___also for the separation of weakly magnetic particles from less magnetic or nonmagnetic particles. (can use) 5. Superconductivity does not occur in noble metals like and , nor in most metals that ___spontaneously.(can/ magnetize). 6. ____the in 1913. (award)
Put in a preposition where necessary.
1. Superconductivity was discovered __1911 __ , who was studying the resistance __ solid __ cryogenic temperatures using the recently discovered liquid as a refrigerant. 2. ___1950 Lev Landau and Vitaly Ginzburg formulated what came to be called the phenomenological Ginzburg-Landau theory ___superconductivity. 3. The discovery revealed that the internal mechanism responsible ___ superconductivity was related __ the attractive force ____electrons and the ion lattice beneath. 4. The complete, microscopic theory ___ superconductivity was finally proposed ___ 1957 __John Bardeen (1908-1991), Leon Cooper, and John Schrieffer.5. ___ 1959 Lev Gor'kov showed that the BCS theory becomes equivalent ___ the Ginzburg-Landau theory close __ the critical temperature.
Put the verb into the correct form. Use gerund or the infinitive
1. ____ future applications include high-performance , power storage devices, electric power transmission, . (promise) 2. Superconductivity occurs in a wide variety of materials, _____simple elements like and , various metallic , and certain kinds of ceramic materials known as high-temperature superconductors. ( include) 3. It ____be known as the BCS theory. (come) 4. This theory had great success in ____the macroscopic properties of superconductors. (explain) 5. Generalizations of these theories form the basis for____ the closely related phenomenon of . (understand)
Put questions to the underlined words
1. had a great success in explaining the macroscopic properties of superconductors.
2. found that the critical temperature of a superconductor depends on the of the constituent .
3. of superconductivity was finally proposed by John Bardeen (1908-1991), Leon Cooper, and John Schrieffer.
4. the first commercial superconducting wire, a - alloy, was developed at Westinghouse Electric Corporation.
5. had believed that the forbade superconductivity at temperatures above about 30 K.
LESSON 4
Active vocabulary
Superconductors – Сверхпроводники
resistivity удельное – сопротивление
magnetic field – магнитное поле
heat capacity – теплоемкость
critical temperature – критическая температура
properties – свойства
particle accelerator – ускоритель частиц
voltage – напряжение
electric current – сверхпроводящее состояние
superconducting state – электрический ток
current – ток
coils – катушки
universe – вселенная
conductor – проводник
ionic lattice – ионная решетка
vibrational kinetic energy- вибрационная кинетическая энергия
phenomenon – явление
critical temperature – критическая температура
fluid – жидкость
Superconductors possess both common and individual properties