Book 1 of Plato's Republic. Drew A. Mannetter
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καὶ: The combination of particles is found in animated questions (S. 2865). ῏Η: The interrogative adverb ἦ introduces questions asking merely for information and implies nothing as to the answer expected (yes or no) (S. 2650). καὶ: The addition of the adverbial particle καί indicates inquiry with a certain sense of eagerness meaning “actually” (S. 2865) (D. ἦ, pg. 285).
δύναισθ´ ἄν … ἀκούοντας: A future, less vivid conditional statement (should/would); the protasis is formed by the conjunction ϵἰ with the optative and the apodosis by ἄν with the optative (S. 2329). Here, the participial phrase μὴ ἀκούοντας takes the place of the protasis (S. 2344).
῏Η καὶ δύναισθ´ ἄν … πϵῖσαι: The apodosis of the conditional statement (S. 2280).
δύναισθ´ ἄν: Main verb of the apodosis (S. 2173). δύναισθ´: Second person, plural, aorist, optative, deponent of δύναμαι (S. 416). Elision of δύναισθϵ (S. 70). The aorist tense of the optative denotes simple occurrence (S. 1861). The subject ὑμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). ἄν: The particle in the apodosis denotes what would (should) be or has been (S. 1761, 2289). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154).
ἦ δ´ ὅς: This phrase introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590). ἦ: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of ἠμί (S. 792). Main verb of the introductory phrase (S. 903). The irregular verb only occurs in the present and imperfect 1st and 3d singular (= Latin inquam, inquit) (S. 792). δ´: Postpositive conjunction connecting this sentence with the previous one; the copulative δέ marks transition, and is the ordinary particle used in connecting successive clauses or sentences which add something new or different, but not opposed, to what precedes, and are not joined by other particles, such as γάρ or οὖν (S. 2835-2836). “As a connective, δέ denotes either pure connection ‘and’, or contrast, ‘but’, with all that lies between” (D. δέ, pg. 162). An elision of δὲ (S. 70). ὅς: Singular, masculine, nominative relative pronoun used substantively meaning “he” (S. 338, 1113). Nominative subject (S. 927, 938). The relative pronoun ὃς is occasionally used as a demonstrative pronoun (S. 338.b, 1113). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154).
πϵῖσαι (ἡμᾶς): Aorist, active infinitive of πϵίθω (S. 383). An object (complementary) infinitive after δύναισθ´ (S.1989). The aorist tense of the infinitive denotes simple occurrence (S. 1865.b). ἡμᾶς: Supply ἡμᾶς (“us”)as the accusative direct object of πϵῖσαι (S. 3017).
μὴ ἀκούοντας: The protasis of the conditional statement (S. 2282).
μὴ: When used with a participle in a protasis, μή is equivalent to ϵἰ μή (L.S. μή B.6). The negative of the protasis is μή because the subordinate clause expresses something that is conceived or imagined (S. 2286).
ἀκούοντας: Plural, masculine, accusative, present, active, circumstantial participle of ἀκούω modifying ἡμᾶς, the supplied object of πϵῖσαι (S. 2054). The aorist tense denotes simple occurrence and the action set forth is generally antecedent to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.c).
Οὐδαμῶς, ἔφη ὁ Γλαύκων. ῾Ως τοίνυν μὴ ἀκουσομένων, οὕτω διανοϵῖσθϵ. (327.c)
| ἀκούω: to listen, give an ear.Γλαύκων, Γλαύκωνος, ὁ: Glaucon.διανοέομαι: to think, consider, suppose.μή: not.οὐδαμῶς: in no wise. | οὕτω: in this way or manner, so, thus.τοίνυν: therefore, accordingly.φημί: to say.ὡς: inasmuch as, since. |
Οὐδαμῶς: The adverb functions as a negative answer to the preceding question (S. 341, 1094, 2680.c).
ἔφη: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of φημί (S. 783). The verb introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590).
ὁ Γλαύκων: Nominative subject of ἔφη (S. 927, 938). ὁ: Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136).
῾Ως τοίνυν μὴ ἀκουσομένων: The genitive absolute is here a causal clause explaining the main verb διανοϵῖσθϵ (S. 2070, 2245).
῾Ως: The relative is here a conjunction introducing the genitive absolute (L.S. ὡς B.IV)
τοίνυν: The postpositive particle is here inferential (S. 2987).
μὴ: μή is here substituted for οὐ after the imperative διανοϵῖσθϵ (S. 2737.a).
ἀκουσομένων (ἡμῶν): Plural, masculine, genitive, aorist, active circumstantial participle of ἀκούω modifying the supplied pronoun ἡμῶν to form a genitive absolute (S. 2054, 2058). The aorist tense denotes simple occurrence and the action set forth is generally antecedent to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.c). ἡμῶν: Supply the personal pronoun as the genitive subject of the participle (the antecedent is Glaucon and Socrates) (S. 2042).
οὕτω: Demonstrative adverb of manner (S. 346, 1094). The final sigma of οὕτως is dropped before a consonant (S. 136).
διανοϵῖσθϵ: Second person, plural, present deponent imperative of διανοέομαι (S. 385). Main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173). The subject ὑμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). The present tense of the imperative denotes continued action (S. 1864.a).
καὶ ὁ᾿Αδϵίμαντος, ῏Αρά γϵ, ἦ δ´ὅς, οὐδ´ ἴστϵ ὅτι λαμπὰς ἔσται πρὸς ἑσπέραν ἀφ´ ἵππων τῇ θϵῷ; (327.c-328.a)
| Αδϵίμαντος, -ου ὁ: Adeimantus.ἀπό (+ gen.): from, on.ἆρα γϵ: then at any rate? therefore at any rate?δέ: and.ϵἰμί: to be.ἑσπέρα, -ας, ἡ: evening, nightfall.ἠμί: to say.θϵός, -οῦ, ἡ: goddess. | ἵππος, -ου, ὁ: horse.καί: but, nay.λαμπάς, -άδος, ἡ: a torch-race.οἶδα: to know.ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: this, that; he, she, it.ὅτι: that.οὐδέ: even not, also not.πρός (+ acc.): towards, near, at, about. |
καὶ: The conjunction connects this sentence with the previous one (S. 2868). In questions, καί before an interrogative expression (῏Αρά γϵ) marks an objection occasioned by surprise or indignation (S. 2872).
ὁ ᾿Αδϵίμαντος: Nominative noun in apposition to ὅς (S. 988).
῏Αρά γϵ: The interrogative particle ἆρα introduces questions asking merely for information and implies nothing as to the answer expected (yes or no) (S. 2650). ῏Αρά: The acute accent on the properispomenon is thrown back from the following enclitic (S. 183.c). γϵ: The enclitic particle adds liveliness and emphasis to the question (S. 2821). (D. ἆρα, pg. 50). The enclitic throws its accent back onto the preceding properispomenon ῏Αρά (S. 183.c).
ἦ δ´ ὅς: This phrase introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590). ἦ: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of ἠμί (S. 792). Main verb of the introductory phrase (S. 903). The irregular